北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语基础测试（技能）（样题）PartIGRAMMAR(30Points)A、CorrectErrorsThepassagecontainstenerrors.Eachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofoneerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway:Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha∧andwritethewordwhichyoubelieveismissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash／andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Theelderlywhofindsgreatrewardsandsatisfactions(1)___________Intheirlaterlivesareasmallminorityinthiscountry.ButtheyDoexist.Theyarethe“agedelite”.Itismoststrikingaboutthese(2)___________Peopleistheircapacityforgrowth.WhenArthurRobinsonwasEighty,someonetoldhimthathewasplyingpianobetterthan(3)___________Ever.“Ithinkso,”heagreed.“NowItakechancesInevertookBefore.Iwasusedtobesomuchmorecareful.Nowrongnotes.(4)___________Nottooboldideas.NowIletgoandenjoymyselfandtobewith(5)___________Everythingbesidesthemusic.”AnotherreasonforthesuccessofTheagedelitearethetraitstheyformedearlierintheirlives.A(6)___________Sixty-eight-yearoldwoman,threetimesmarriedandwidowed,Says,”It’snotjustwhatyoudowhenyou’repastsixty-five.It’swhatYoudidallyourlifewhichmatters.Ifyouhavelivedafulllife,(7)____________Developedyourmind,youwillbeabletouseitpastsixty-five.Alongfranknesscomeshumor.Asenseofhumorisan(8)___________aidpeopleusetocopewithtension.“Humor,”saysDr.Barren,“alsoleadsyoutojoinwithotherpeople.TherearetwowaystoDealwithstress.Weeitherreachoutorwithdraw.Thereachers(9)___________seekoutotherpeopletosharetheirproblemsinsteadofpullingaway.”Growing,active,humorous,sharing–theseareallqualitieswhichdescribetheagedelite.(10)__________PartIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(60points)A.MultipleChoicePleasereadthefollowingpassagesandchooseA,B,CorDtobestcompletethestatementsaboutthem.第1页共11页ThePerilsofEfficiencyThisspring,disasterloomedintheglobalfoodmarket.Precipitousincreasesinthepricesofstapleslikerice(upmorethanahundredandfiftypercentinafewmonths)andmaizeprovokedfoodriots,toppledgovernments,andthreatenedthelivesoftensofmillions.Buttheburstingofthecommoditybubbleeasedthosepressures,andfoodprices,whilestillhigh,havecomewellofftheastronomicallevelstheyhitinApril.ForAmericans,thedropincommoditypriceshasputafewmorebucksinpeople’spockets;inmuchofthedevelopingworld,itmayhavesavedmanyfromactuallystarving.Sodidtheglobalfinancialcrisissolvetheglobalfoodcrisis?Temporarily,perhaps.Buttherecentpricedropdoesn’tprovideanylong-termrespitefromthethreatoffoodshortagesorfuturepricespikes.Norhasitreassuredanyoneaboutthehealthoftheglobalagriculturalsystem,whichthecrisisrevealedasdangerouslyunstable.FourdecadesaftertheGreenRevolution,andafterwavesofmarketreformsintendedtotransformagriculturalproduction,we’restillhavingahardtimeinsuringthatpeoplesimplygetenoughtoeat,andweseemtobemorevulnerabletosupplyshocksthanever.Itwasn’tsupposedtobethisway.Overthepasttwodecades,countriesaroundtheworldhavemovedawayfromtheirfocuson“foodsecurity”andhandedmarketforcesagreaterroleinshapingagriculturalpolicy.Beforethenineteen-eighties,developingcountrieshadso-called“agriculturalmarketingboards,”whichwouldbuycommoditiesfromfarmersatfixedprices(priceshighenoughtokeepfarmersfarming),andthenstoretheminstrategicreservesthatcouldbeusedintheeventofbadharvestsorsoaringimportprices.Butintheeightiesandnineties,oftenaspartofstructural-adjustmentprogramsimposedbytheI.M.F.ortheWorldBank,manymarketingboardswereeliminatedorcutback,andgrainreserves,deemedinefficientandunnecessary,weresoldoff.Inthesameway,structural-adjustmentprogramsoftendidawaywithgovernmentinvestmentinandsubsidiestoagriculture—mostnotably,subsidiesforthingslikefertilizersandhigh-yieldseeds.Thelogicbehindthesereformswassimple:themarketwouldallocateresourcesmoreefficientlythangovernment,leadingtogreaterproductivity.Farmers,insteadofgrowingsubsidizedmaizeandwheatathighcost,couldconcentrateoncashcrops,likecashewsandchocolate,andusethemoneytheymadetobuystaplefoods.Ifacountrycouldn’tcompeteintheglobaleconomy,productionwouldmigratetocountriesthatcould.Itwasalsoassumedthat,oncegovernmentssteppedoutoftheway,privateinvestmentwouldfloodintoagriculture,boostingperformance.Andinternationalaidseemedamoreefficientwayofrelievingfoodcrisesthanrelyingoncountriestomaintainsurplusesandfood-securityprograms,whicharewastefulandcostly.This“marketization”ofagriculturehasnot,tobesure,beenfullycarriedthrough.Subsidiesarestillendemicinrichcountriesandpoor,whiledevelopingcountriesoftenplacetariffsonimportedfood,whichbenefittheirfarmersbutdriveuppricesforconsumers.Andinextremecircumstancescountriesrestrictexports,hoardingfoodfortheirowncitizens.Nonetheless,weclearlyhavealeaner,moremarket-friendlyagriculturalsystemthanbefore.Itlooks,infact,abitlikeglobalmanufacturing,withlowinventories(wheatstocksareattheirlowestsince1977),concentratedproduction(threecountriesprovideninetypercentofcornexports,andfivecountriesprovideeightypercentofriceexports),andfewerredundancies.Governmentshaveamuchsmallerrole,andpublicspendingonagriculturehasbeencutsharply.第2页共11页Theproblemisthat,whilethissystemisundeniablymoreefficient,it’salsomuchmorefragile.Badweatherinjustafewcountriescanwreakhavocacrosstheentiresystem.Whenpricesspikeastheydidthisspring(forreasonsthatnowseemnotentirelyobvious),theresultisfoodshortagesandmalnutritioninpoorercountries,sincetheyarefarmoredependentonimportsandhavefewfoodreservestodrawon.And,whilehigherpricesandmarketreformsweresupposedtobringaboominagriculturalproductivity,globalcropyieldsactuallyroselessbetween1990and2007thantheydidintheprevioustwentyyears,inpartbecauseinmanydevelopingcountriesprivate-sectoragriculturalinvestmentnevermaterialized,whilethecutbacksingovernmentspendingleftthemwithfeebleinfrastructures.Thesechangesdidnotcausetherisingpricesofthepastcoupleofyears,buttheyhavemadethemmoredamaging.Theoldemphasisonfoodsecuritywasundoubtedlycostly,andoftenwasteful.Buttheredundanciesitcreatedalsohadtremendousvaluewhenthingswentwrong.Andonesurethingaboutasystemascomplexasagricultureisthatthingswillgowrong,oftenwithdevastatingconsequences.Ifthejust-in-timesystemforproducingcarsrunsintoahitchandthesupplyofcarsshrinksforawhile,peoplecaneasilyadapt.Whenthesamehappenswithfood,peoplegohungryorevenstarve.Thatdoesn’tmeanthatweneedtoembracepricecontrolsorcollectivefarms,andtherearesensiblemarketreforms,likedoingawaywithimporttariffs,thatwouldmakedeveloping-countryconsumersbetteroff.ButafewweeksagoBillClinton,noenemyofmarketreform,gotitrightwhenhesaidthatweshouldhelpcountriesachieve“maximumagriculturalself-sufficiency.”Insteadofamoreefficientsystem,weshouldbetryingtobuildamorereliableone.(1)Whatcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraph?[A]Globalfinancialcrisisdestablizedgovernments.[B]Foodriotsresultedfromskyrockeingfoodbills.[C]Financialcrisisworsensfoodcrisis.[D]Foodpricessurgedby150%inApril.Thefoodcrisisrevealedtheglobalagriculturalsystemas[A]fragile[B]unresponsive[C]costly[D]unbearableAccordingtothethirdparagraph,structural-adjustmentprograms[A]intendedtocopewithpoorharvests[B]wereintroducedaspartof“marketforces”policies[C]removedpricecontrolsandstatesubsidies[D]encouragedcountriestofocusonfoodsecurityThemarketizationofagricultureprobablymeans[A]privateinvestmentfloodsintoagriculture[B]marketforcesprovideefficiencyinagriculture[C]agriculturalpolicyworkswiththefreemarketsystem第3页共11页(2).(3).(4).[D]agriculturalproductionisfreefromgovernmentintervention(5)WhichofthefollowingisNOTafeatureoftheexistingagricuturalsystem?[A]Reducedgovernmentspending.[B]Concentratedproduction.[C]Self-sufficiency.[D]Lowwheatstocks..(6)Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedpart“theredundancies”probablyreferto[A]High-yieldseeds[B]Grainreserves[C]Cashcrops[D]CornimportsMindingtheInequalityGapDuringthefirst70yearsofthe20thcentury,inequalitydeclinedandAmericansprosperedtogether.Overthelast30years,bycontrast,theUnitedStatesdevelopedthemostunequaldistributionofincomeandwagesofanyhigh-incomecountry.Someanalystsseethegulfbetweentherichandtherestasanincentiveforstrivers,orasjustthewaythingsare.Othersseeitashavingacorrosiveeffectonpeople’sfaithinthemarketsanddemocracy.StillotherscontendthateconomicpolarizationisarootcauseofAmerica’spoliticalpolarization.Could,andshould,somethingbedone?ClaudiaGoldinandLawrenceF.Katz,twoHarvardeconomists,thinkyes.Theirbook,TheRaceBetweenEducationandTechnology(Harvard,$39.95),containsmanytables,afewequationsandapowerfullytoldstoryabouthowandwhytheUnitedStatesbecametheworld’srichestnation—namely,thankstoitsschools.Theauthorsskillfullydemonstratethatformorethanacentury,andatasteadyrate,technologicalbreakthroughs—themassproductionsystem,electricity,computers—havebeenincreasingthedemandforevermoreeducatedworkers.And,theyshow,America’sschoolsystemmetthisdemand,notwithanationalpolicy,butingrassrootsfashion,ascommunitiestaxedthemselvesandbuiltschoolsandcolleges.Beginninginthe1970s,however,theeducationsystemfailedtokeeppace,resulting,Ms.GoldinandMr.Katzcontend,inasharplyunequalnation.Theauthorsallowthatadeclineinunionmembershipandintheinflation-adjustedminimumwagealsocontributedtotheshiftinwhopartookofagrowingpie.Buttheyruleouttheusualsuspects—globalization(trade)andhighimmigration—assignificantcausesofrisinginequality.Amid第4页共11页thecurrentcallstorestrictexecutivecompensation,theirpolicyprescriptionistohavemoreAmericansgraduatefromcollege.Ifonlyitwerethateasy.Theauthors’argumentisreallytwobooksinone.OneoffersanincisivehistoryofAmericaneducation,especiallythespreadofthepublichighschoolandthestateuniversitysystem.Itprovestobeanupliftingtaleofpubliccommitmentandopenaccess.TheauthorsremindusthattheUnitedStateslongremained“thebestpoorman’scountry.”Aplacewheretalentcouldrise.Theotherstoryrigorouslymeasurestheimpactofeducationonincome.Theauthors’compilationofharddataoneducationalattainmentaccordingtowhenpeoplewerebornisanawesomeachievement,thoughnotalwaysagrippingread.Theyshowthatbythe1850s,America’sschoolenrollmentratealready“exceededthatofanyothernation.”Andthisleadheldforalongtime.By1960,some70percentofAmericansgraduatedfromhighschool—farabovetherateinanyothercountry.Collegegraduationratesalsoroseappreciably.Inthemarketplace,sucheducationalattainmentwasextremelyvaluable,butitdidn’tproducewideeconomicdisparitysolongasmorepeoplewerecomingtothejobmarketwitheducation.Thewagepremium—ordifferentialpaidtopeoplewithahighschooloracollegeeducation—fellbetween1915and1950.Butmorerecently,highschoolgraduationratesflatlinedataround70percent.Americancollegeattendancerose,thoughcollegegraduationrateslanguished.Theupshotisthatwhiletheaveragecollegegraduatein1970earned45percentmorethanhighschoolgraduates,thedifferentialthreedecadeslaterexceeds80percent.“Inthefirsthalfofthecentury,”theauthorssummarize,“educationracedaheadoftechnology,butlaterinthecenturytechnologyracedaheadofeducationalgains.”ProvingthatthedemandforandsupplyofeducatedworkersbegannotinthetimeofBillGatesbutintheeraofThomasEdisonisvirtuososocialscience.Butwasn’taslowdowninrisingeducationalattainmentunavoidable?Afterall,it’sonethingtoincreasetheaverageyearsofschoolingbyleapsandboundswhenmostpeoplestartnearzero,butquiteanotherwhenthenationalaverageisalreadyhigh.TheauthorsrejecttheideathattheUnitedStateshasreachedsomenaturallimitineducationaladvances.Othercountriesarenowathigherlevels.What,then,isholdingAmericanyouthback?Theauthorsgiveatwo-partanswer.Foronething,thefinancialaidsystemisamaze.Moreimportant,manypeoplewithhighschooldiplomasarenotreadyforcollege.第5页共11页Thesecondproblem,theauthorswrite,isconcentratedmostlyininner-cityschools.Becausethepoorcannoteasilymovetobetterschooldistricts,theauthorsallowthatcharterschoolsaswellasvouchers,includingthoseforprivateschools,couldbehelpful,butmoreevaluationisnecessary.Dataontheeffectsofpreschoolareplentiful,andpointtolargereturnsoninvestment,sotheauthorsjointhechorusinextollingHeadStart,thefederalgovernment’slargestpreschoolprogram.Providingmorechildrenwithacrucialstart,alongwitheasierwaystofindfinancialaid,arelaudablenationalobjectives.Onesuspects,though,thattheobstaclestogettingmoreyoungpeopleintoandthroughcollegehavetodowithknottysocialandculturalissues.Butassumethattheauthors’policieswouldraisethenationalcollegegraduationrate.Wouldthatdeeplyreduceinequality?Averagescanbedeceptive.Mostofthegainsoftherecentflushdecadeshavenotgonetothecollege-educatedasawhole.Thetop10or20percentbyincomehaveeducationlevelsroughlyequivalenttothoseinthetop1percent,butthelatteraccountformuchoftheboomininequality.Thisappearstoberelatedtothewaytaxeshavebeencut,andtotheballooningofthefinancialindustry’sshareofcorporateprofits.Itremainstobeseenhowareconfiguredfinancialindustryandpossiblenewtaxpoliciesmightaffectthe30-yeartrendtowardgreaterinequality.Inthemeantime,itisnicetobereminded,inadata-richbook,thatgreaterinvestmentsinhumancapitalonceputAmericanscollectivelyontopoftheworld.(7)WhatdowelearnfromTheRaceBetweenEducationandTechnology?[A]TheUnitedStateshasreacheditsnaturallimitineducationalattainment.[B]The20thcenturywastheAmericanCenturyduetoitseducationaladvances.[C]Technologyracedaheadofeducationinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.[D]Americanhighschoolgraduationrateslevelledoffat80percentin1970.WhichofthefollowingisconsideredasignificantcauseofrisinginequalityaccordingtoClaudiaGoldinandLawrenceF.Katz?[A]Highimmigration.[B]Executivecompensation.[C]Reducedunionmembership.[D]Stagnatecollegegraduationrates.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“laudable”mean?[A]Reasonable.[B]Achievable.[C]Deservingpraise.[D]Worthtrying.第6页共11页(8)(9)(10)WhichofthefollowingledtotheslowdowninAmericaneducationaladvancesinthelastthreedecadesofthe20thcentury?[A]Noeasyaccesstofinancialaid.[B]Overemphasisonpreschoolprograms.[C]Adramaticfallincollegeenrollmentrates.[D]Ariseinthenumberofpoorschooldistricts.(11)Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthebook?[A]Itisaresearchonhumancapital.[B]Itisintendedforeconomists.[C]Itisahappyfiresideread.[D]Itisrichindata.(12)Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?[A]ThedemandforeducatedworkersbeganintheeraofIT.[B]Thepaceoftechnologicalchangehasnotbeensteady.[C]Americaisnoteducatingitscitizensthewayitusedto.[D]HighschoolgraduationratespeakedintheU.S.in1950.B.TrueorFalseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthendecidewhetherthestatementswhichfollowaretrue(T)orfalse(F).GenerationWhat?Welcometothesocio-literaryparlorgameof“NameThatGeneration.”ItallbeganinaquotationErnestHemingwayattributedtohisParispatron,thepoetandsalonkeeperGertrudeStein.Onthetitlepageofhisnovel“TheSunAlsoRises,”publishedin1926,hequotedhersayingtohercircleofcreativelydisaffectedwriters,artistsandintellectualsintheaftermathofWorldWarI,“Youareallalostgeneration.”Intheculturalnomenclatureafterthat,thenoungenerationwasappliedtothose“comingofage”inanera.AnneSoukhanov,U.S.editoroftheexcellentEncartadictionary,observes,“Youngpeople’sattitudes,behaviorandcontributions,whilebeingshapedbytheethosof,andmajoreventsduring,theirtime,cameinturntorepresentthetenorofthetime.”Takingthatcomplexsenseofgenerationasinsightful,wecanfocusonitsmodifierasthedecisivewordinthephrasesbuiltuponit.Thegroupafterthelostgenerationdidnotfinditsadjectiveuntillongafteritsyouthfulmembersturnedgray.Belatedlygivenatitleina1998bookbyTomBrokaw,theGreatestGeneration(whichhadpreviouslybeencalledtheG.I.Generation)defined“thoseAmericanmenandwomenwhocameofageintheGreatDepression,servedathomeandabroad第7页共11页duringWorldWarIIandthenbuiltthenationwehavetoday.”Thatperiod,rememberedasonecharacterizedbygallantryandsacrifice,wasfollowedbyanothertimethatwasdescribedinasharplycriticalsobriquet:in1951,peopleintheir20swereputdownastheSilentGeneration.Thatadjectivewaschosen,accordingtoNeilHowe,authorofthe1991book“Generations,”becauseof“howquiescenttheywereduringtheMcCarthyera...theywerefamouslyrisk-averse.”ThehistorianWilliamManchestercastigatedthetenorofyouthinthateraas“withdrawn,cautious,unimaginative,indifferent,unadventurousandsilent.”OverlappingthatpejorativelabelintimewastheBeatGeneration,sonamedbythewriterJackKerouacinthe’50s.ThoughtheauthorlaterclaimedhiswordwasrootedinreligiousBeatitudes,itwasdescribedbyaTimeswriteras“morethanmereweariness,itimpliesthefeelingofhavingbeenused,ofbeingraw...asortofnakednessofmind.”Nowwe’reuptothe’70s,dubbedbyTomWolfeinNewYorkmagazinein1976asthe“medecade.”ThatcoinageledtothegeneralcastigationofyoungadultsbytheireldersinthatindulgenteraastheMeGeneration,preoccupiedwithmaterialgainand“obsessedwithself.”Itwasnotsosilent,farfrombeat,butstill,initsowngraspingway,agenerationlost.Thencamethetitledenotingmysteryofthedemographicallyhugegenerationbornfromroughly1946to1964—begunastheBaby-BoomGeneration,butinitslateryearsitsyoungermemberstookonaseparateidentity:GenerationX.Thatisthetitleofa1991bookbyDouglasCoupland;“Itisanidentity-hidinglabel,”thegenerationistHowetellsmyresearcherCaitlinWall,“ofwhatisthegenerationwithprobablytheweakestmiddleclassofanyoftheothergenerationsborninthe20thcentury.”Whilemostboomersproudlyassertedtheirgenerationalidentity,“Xers”atfirstdidnot;now,however,mostfeelmorecomfortablewiththelabel.IthasbeenfollowedbyYandZ,butthosearetooobviouslyderivative,andtheMillennialGeneration—ifnarrowlydefinedasthosebeginningtocomeofagesince2000—hasmembersstillinkneepants.THEJOSHUAGENERATIONU.S.presidentsliketoidentifythemselveswiththezeitgeistinspiritingtheirelectorate.“ThisgenerationofAmericans,”F.D.R.toldthe1936Democraticconvention,“hasarendezvouswithdestiny,”thefinalthreewordslaterevokedbybothLyndonJohnsonandRonaldReagan.JohnF.Kennedy,inhis1961inauguraladdress,said,“ThetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans—temperedbywar,disciplinedbyahardandbitterpeace,proudofourancientheritage.”SpeakinginMarch2007atachapelinSelma,Ala.,incommemorationofabloodymarchforvotingrights,SenatorBarackObamaputforwardanameforanewgenerationofAfrican-Americans.Afteracknowledging“acertainpresumptuousness”inrunningforpresidentaftersuchashorttimeinWashington,ObamacreditedtheRev.OtisMossJr.forwritinghim“tolookatthestoryofJoshuabecauseyou’repartoftheJoshuageneration.”Henotedthatthe“Mosesgeneration”hadledhispeopleoutofbondagebutwasnotpermittedbyGodtocrosstheriverfromthewildernesstothePromisedLand.IntheHebrewBible,itwas第8页共11页Joshua,chosenbyMosestobehissuccessor,wholedthepeopleacross,wonthebattleofJerichoandestablishedthenation.“ItwaslefttotheJoshuastofinishthejourneyMoseshadbegun,”Obamasaidtotheyouthfulsuccessorstotheagingleadersofthecivilrightsmovement,“andtodaywe’recalledtobetheJoshuasofourtime,tobethegenerationthatfindsourwayacrosstheriver.”Thoughthespiritofanageisbestdefinedinretrospect,andreligiousallusionisnotcurrentlyconsideredcool,theJoshuaGeneration—unlikeallitsera-namingpredecessors—doeshavealliterationgoingforit.(874)(13)TheGreatestGenerationisalsoreferredtoas“TheVeterans”.(14)WilliamManchesterdidn’tthinkhighlyoftheSilentGeneration.(15)TheBeatGenerationischaracterizedbybeingobsessedwithmaterialgain.(16)TheGenerationXfollowsthetheBaby-BoomGenerationwhiletheGenerationYprecedestheMillennialGeneration.(17)TheMosesGenerationreferstoAmericanleaders,whofoughtforbutneversawthe“Promisedland”ofracialequality.C.GapFillingPleasechoosethebestsentencefromthelistafterthepassagetofillineachofthegapsinthetext.Therearemoresentencesthangaps.TVCanBeGoodforYouTelevisionwastestime,pollutesminds,destroysbraincells,andturnssomeviewersintomurderers.(18).Buttelevisionhasatleastonestrongvirtue,too,whichhelpstoexplainitsenduranceasaculturalforce.Inanerawhenpeopleoftenhavelittletimetospeakwithoneanother,televisionprovidesreplacementvoicesthateaseloneliness,sparkhealthfullaughter,andeveneducateyoungchildren.Mostpeoplewhohavelivedaloneunderstandthecurseofsilence,whentheonlysoundisthebuzzofunhappinessoranxietyinsideone’sownhead.Althoughpeopleofallageswholivealonecanexperienceintenseloneliness,theelderlyareespeciallyvulnerabletosolitude.Forexample,theymaysufferincreasedconfusionordepressionwhenleftaloneforlongperiodsbutthenreboundwhentheyhavesteadycompanionship.AstudyofelderlymenandwomeninNewZealandfoundthattelevisioncanactuallyserveasacompanionbyassuming“theroleofsocialcontactwiththewiderworld,”reducing“feelingsofisolationandlonelinessbecauseitdirectsviewers’attentionawayfromthemselves”.(19).第9页共11页Theabsenceofrealvoicescanbemostdamagingwhenitmeansalackoflaughter.(20).Laughterisoneofthemostpowerfulcalmingforcesavailabletohumanbeings,proveninmanystudiestoreduceheartrate,lowerbloodpressure,andeaseotherstress-relatedailments.Televisionoffersplentyoflaughterforallkindsofviewers:therecentlistingsforasingleFridaynightincludedmorethantwentycomedyprogramsrunningonthenetworksandonbasiccablebetween6pmand9pm.Astudyreportedinahealthmagazinefoundthatlaughterinspiredbytelevisionandvideoisashealthfulasthelaughtergeneratedbylivecomedy.Volunteerslaughingatavideocomedyroutine“showedsignificantimprovementsinseveralimmunefunctions,suchasnaturalkiller-cellactivity”.(21).Evenforpeoplewithplentyofcompanionship,television’sreplacementvoicescanhavehealthfuleffectsbycausinglaughter.Televisionalsoprovidesinformationabouttheworld.Thisservicecanbehelpfultoeveryonebutespeciallytochildren,whosenaturalcuriositycanexhausttheknowledgeandpatienceoftheirparentsandcaretakers.(22).Forexample,educationalprogramssuchasthoseontheDiscoveryChannel,theDisneyChannel,andPBSofferasteadystreamofinformationatvariouscognitivelevels.Evenmanycartoons,whicharegenerallydismissedasmindlessorworse,familiarizechildrenwiththematerialofliterature,includingstrongcharactersenactingclassicnarratives.TworesearchersstudyingchildrenandtelevisionfoundthatTVisasourceofcreativeandpsychologicalinstruction,inspiringchildren“toplayimaginativelyanddevelopconfidenceandskills”.Insteadofpassivelywatching,children“interactwiththeprogramsandvideos”and“sometimesincludethefictionalcharactersthey’vemetintoreality’splaytime”.(23).Thevalueofthesereplacementvoicesshouldnotbeoversold.Foronething,almosteveryoneagreesthattoomuchTVdoesnooneanygoodandmaycausemuchharm.ManystudiesshowthatexcessiveTVwatchingincreasesviolentbehavior,especiallyinchildren,andcancause,ratherthanease,otherantisocialbehaviorsanddepression.(24).StevenPinker,anexpertinchildren’slanguageacquisition,warnsthatchildrencannotdeveloplanguageproperlybywatchingtelevision.Theyneedtointeractwithactualspeakerswhoresponddirectlytotheirspecificneeds.Replacementvoicesarenotrealvoicesandintheendcandoonlylimitedgood.Butevenlimitedgoodissomething,especiallyforthosewhoarelonely,angry,orneglected.Televisionisnotanentirelypositiveforce,butneitherisitanentirelynegativeone.Itsvoicesstandbytoprovidecompany,laughter,andinformationwheneverthey’reneeded.[A][B][C][D][E][F]Inaddition,humanbeingsrequirethegiveandtakeofactualinteraction.WhiletheTVmaybebaby-sittingchildren,itcanalsoenrichthem.Thusrunstheprevailingtalkaboutthemedium,supportedbyseriousresearchaswellassimplebelief.Here,too,researchshowsthattelevisioncanhaveapositiveeffectonhealth.Thustelevision’sreplacementvoicesbothinformyoungviewersandencourageexchange.Televisioncanbeapositivepracticaltraininggroundformoralgrowthinachangingworld.第10页共11页[G][H]Thustelevision’sreplacementvoicescanprovidecomfortbecausetheydistractfromafocusonbeingalone.Further,theeffectsofthecomedyweresoprofoundthat“merelyanticipatingwatchingafunnyvideoimprovedmood,depression,andangerasmuchastwodaysbeforehand”.PartIIITRANSLATION(60points)A.PleasereadthefollowingpassageandtranslateitintoChinese.Australia’sconvictoriginshavebeenvariouslywritteninandoutofthenationalconsciousness.Whileitwasonceashamefuladmissiontohaveaconvictancestor,todayitismorelikelytobeseenasabadgeofhonour.Victoriannotionsofmoralityandscientifictheoriesoftheearly20thcenturyinfluencedtheviewthataconvictpastwasamoral‘contagion’thatcouldbeinheritedthroughsuccessivegenerations.Asviewschanged,moreemphasiswasplacedonthesocialenvironmentasthemostinfluentialfactorinshapingcharacterandbehaviour.Withthecessationoftransportation,thegoldrushesofthe1850sandtheinfluxoffreesettlers,aviewofthe‘borncolonist’emerged.Alwaysmale,hewasregardedasahardytype,adaptable,independent,sportlovingandresolute.Hewasegalitarianandvaluedmateshiphighlyaboveanyrespecttoauthority.Theanti-authoritariancharacterofthe‘AustralianType’wasperpetuatedbyimagesofbushranging,thepersistenteulogisingofNedKelly,theindependence,resolveanduprisingsonthegolddiggingfieldsandtheunionistsofthelate19thcentury.B.PleasereadthefollowingpassageandtranslateitintoEnglish.动漫产业迅猛发展是不争的事实，但全球的漫画家都在抱怨生存的压力和生活的窘迫，而且似乎有越来越窘迫的趋势。漫画家能否再像以前一样，作为艺术家而生存？事实上，如果漫画家愿意去当漫画产业的产业工人，生存不但不成问题，甚至比以前还要好。一个原本能够独立创作的漫画家变成一位着色工，如何能够甘心？对于普通读者来说，动画、漫画的发展是一个越来越兴旺的过程；而对于传统意义上的漫画家来说，动画、漫画的发展则是一个危机四伏的过程，是一个逐渐丧失自主创作可能的过程。这个过程完全可以与工业时代的纺织业发展来比拟：纺织机械出现后，人们发现市场上布料价格越来越便宜，质量花色越来越丰富，但手工纺织者却失业了。第11页共11页