考研英语阅读 试卷120

考研英语（阅读）-试卷120

(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)

一、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)

1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：

2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：

That mythical beast, homo economicus, otherwise called Economic man, is utterly clear about the purpose of work: to get paid. He is keener on leisure than on work, and if money can be got without effort, he downs tools. If real people feel the same, then bountiful out-of-work benefits should be found in the same places as work-shy citizens. Yet a cross-country comparison of benefits and attitudes to work published on January 28th finds precisely the opposite pattern. Researchers ranked 13 countries according to their generosity(measured by comparing typical benefits to those out of work with the average wage of a production worker)and their citizens commitment to work(gauged by asking whether they would work if they did not need the cash, and whether they regarded a job as merely a way to earn a living). They found that the more generous a state is the keener on work its people are. Britons, whose benefits were the stingiest(most

ungenerous)after those that Americans get, were least keen of all on work. One reason may be the skills make-up of the British workforce. The researchers found, logically enough, that

professionals and graduates were more positive about work than the unskilled and non-graduates. Fewer Britons than Norwegians(who came top on work commitment)have professional jobs or degrees. But this does not entirely explain their comparative immunity to the attractions of toil: Britons

of every social class and level of education were less keen on work than their counterparts elsewhere. Could the dependency culture currently exercising British politicians be solved by raising benefits? Unlikely, says Alison Park, editor of the annual British Social Attitudes Report, in which the study appeared: attitudes to work vary from country to country for many reasons. The report states that the lavishness of what the report terms encompassing states, all Nordic with Lutheran traditions, may have been made possible by a strong work ethic, rather than a stronger commitment to work having emerged as a result of it. And work incentives are affected by features of welfare systems other than overall generosity: corporatist states such as Germany, which pay higher benefits to those with a longer work history, may be encouraging positive attitudes to work by such conditionality. Britains poor benefits, by contrast, are largely independent of previous employment, which may mean they are seen as an alternative to work, rather than as one of the good things that flow from it.（分数：10.00） (1).Homo economicus is characterized as（分数：2.00） A.economical. B.lazy.

C.leisure-obsessed. D.benefits-driven. √

解析：解析：推理判断题。根据Homo economicus定位到第一段。其中讲到“经济人”深谙工作的目的——获得报酬，言外之意是其只受利益驱使，故D项正确。

(2).What can be inferred from the second paragraph?（分数：2.00） A.The keener on work its people are, the more generous a state is. B.People who are keen on work will make their state generous.

C.The benefits which Britons get were the stingiest. √ D.Americans got stingier benefits than Britons did.

解析：解析：推理判断题。答案在第二段。最后一句话提到“英国人紧随美国人之后，获得的福利最微薄”，故C项正确。

(3).By saying heir comparative immunity to the attractions of toil(Line 4, Paragraph 3), the author means（分数：2.00）

A.Britons are healthy enough not to feel ill. B.Britons have good immune system. C.Britons are not keen on work. √ D.Britons are afraid of hard work.

解析：解析：语义理解题。答案在第三段第五行。该句中冒号后面的内容是对前半句的解释，即“每个社会阶层，每个教育层次的英国人对工作都更缺乏热情”，因此C项正确。

(4).According to the British Social Attitudes Report, encompassing states are generous due to（分数：2.00） A.the dependency culture. B.a strong work ethic. √ C.the rise of benefits. D.various working attitudes.

解析：解析：事实细节题。考查因果细节。根据“encompassing”states定位到第四段。根据原文中lavishness．．．have been made possible by．．．可知by后的内容即为答题信息点。主要涉及对rather than词组的理解：否定它后面的，肯定前面的a strong work ethic，因此B项正确。 (5).Germany is mentioned in the last paragraph to show that（分数：2.00） A.Germany pays higher benefits to those with a longer work history. B.corporatist states like Germany provide better benefits than Britain. C.welfare system is also likely to influence work incentives. √ D.Germany encourages positive work attitudes by paying higher benefits.

解析：解析：事实细节题。考查例证细节。德国的例子表明“工龄较长的人能获得更好的福利”，这实际上是为了说明该段中心句“工作的动力还会受到福利体制的特点影响”，因此C项正确。

As the Senate prepares to vote on legislation to empower the Food and Drug Administration to regulate tobacco products, its members would be wise to consult a recent appeals court decision. The decision makes it clear that the tobacco companies have engaged in deceitful and harmful behavior for many decades and cannot be trusted to reform on their own. Regulatory oversight is the best chance to rein them in. The unanimous ruling by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld major elements of a 2006 lower court decision that found big tobacco companies guilty of racketeering and fraud as part of a prolonged campaign to deceive and addict the public. That 1,742-page opinion, rendered by Judge Gladys Kessler, laid out in painstaking detail how the tobacco companies made false statements and suppressed evidence

to deny or play down the addictive qualities and the adverse health effects of smoking. Judge Kessler found that the companies manipulated the design of cigarettes to deliver addictive doses of nicotine, falsely denied that secondhand smoke caused disease and falsely represented that light and low-tar cigarettes presented fewer health risks. The appeals court not only upheld her decision as legally sound, it seemed deeply impressed by the volumes of evidence and countless examples of deliberately false statements underlying many of Judge Kesslers findings. It also upheld some but not all of the marketing restrictions and other requirements she imposed to prevent the companies from making future false claims and engaging in additional fraudulent activities. The companies protested that they should not be subjected to such requirements because they had already agreed to numerous remedies under a settlement agreement with 46 states and the District of Columbia. The appeals panel was rightly unimpressed. It upheld the district courts findings that after the settlement went into effect in 1998, the companies almost immediately began to evade and violate various prohibitions against joint activities and false statements. The House has already voted to give the F.D.A. power to regulate tobacco. Senators, who are getting ready to vote on similar legislation, now have fair warning, if they needed any more, that this is a dishonest industry. It can be trusted to behave responsibly or even adhere to agreements it has signed. It is time to grant the F.D.A. the power to regulate the content and marketing of tobacco products.（分数：10.00）

(1).Why would it be wise for the senators to consult a recent appeals court decision before voting?（分数：2.00）

A.It reveals to senators tobacco companies incompetence in self-discipline. B.It makes the senators learn how profitable the tobacco industry is. C.It helps the senators realize the necessity of regulatory oversight. √ D.It points out that tobacco companies have been liars for many decades.

解析：解析：事实细节题。考查因果细节。根据wise定位到第一段，其中最后一句明确说明对烟草公司进行监管是必要的，可见之所以说这样做是“明智的”，是由于这项裁决能让参观员认识到对烟草行业进行监管的必要性，并促使他们投上赞成票，故C项正确。

(2).We can infer from Judge Kesslers findings that（分数：2.00）

A.tobacco companies achieve customer addiction at the cost of their health. √ B.the adverse health effects of smoking have been chronically underestimated. C.racketeering and fraud have blinded the tobacco companies for a long time. D.the diseases caused by secondhand smoke have been carelessly denied.

解析：解析：推理判断题。根据Judge Kessler定位到第二、三段，原文laid out等指示词后面的内容即暗示了Judge Kessler对烟草公司的态度，A项是对烟草公司欺骗行径的总结。

(3).The restrictions and requirements imposed by Judge Kessler（分数：2.00） A.have entirely been approved by the appeals court. B.will immediately be violated by the tobacco companies. C.severely overlap with the previous settlement agreement. D.are meant to prevent tobacco companies from deceiving. √

解析：解析：事实细节题。根据restrictions and requirements定位到第四段。原文说Judge Kessler提出这些限制和要求的目的是为了防止烟草公司今后再进行虚假宣传以及从事其他的欺诈行为，D项说明的目的符合原文。 (4).The word

ightly(Line 3, Paragraph 5)can be best replaced by（分数：2.00） A.justly. √

B.understandably. C.evidently. D.appropriately.

解析：解析：语义理解题。根据题干定位到第五段。这类题型需要根据上下文推断出词义。此处rightly应意为“正当地”时，这里是指由于烟草公司1998年立即违反规定的行径，法院对其抗议给予正当的漠视。四个选项中与法院最相关的词是justly(正当地)，也可以由此推测A项正确。

(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00） A.Self-regulated Tobacco Industry B.Once a Liar, Always a Liar C.Watch Your Vote, Senators D.A Dishonest Industry √

解析：解析：全文主旨题。根据文章大意，D项dishonest一词最能表明烟草行业的实质，与全文内容最为贴切。 The realization that colds can kill has renewed interest in finding vaccines and treatments. The trouble is that the common cold is caused not by one virus but by hundreds of different ones. This means a vaccine or drug that works a-gainst one of these viruses, or one family of viruses, is usually ineffective against all the others. Whats more, because colds are usually so mild, if treatments cause even minor side effects they can be worse than the disease. Such treatments will never get approval for general use, which is why most companies instead focus on drugs that relieve symptoms. Nevertheless, some drugs and vaccines are being developed against the cold viruses most likely to turn nasty . A vaccine against Respiratory Syncytial Virus(RSV), a virus which can cause serious illness in young children and the elderly, is going through clinical trials. It consists of a weakened strain of the virus given as a nasal spray. A treatment for RSV infections, based on RNA interference, is also in development. However, treatments for specific viruses are useless unless your cold is caused by the virus in question—and doctors have no quick way to work out which virus is to blame for a cold. Systems to do this are under development, mostly based on looking for specific DNA or RNA sequences, but none are near to reaching the market. An alternative approach would be to keep taking drugs that prevent infection throughout the cold season, such as a derivative of the anti-smallpox drug cidofovir which has been shown to combat adenoviruses, viruses that can cause upper respiratory infections. But again, as adenoviruses are only responsible for a few percent of colds, the benefits hardly justify the expense and risk of side effects from remaining on a drug permanently. Short of everyone on the planet isolating themselves for two or three weeks, so existing cold viruses run out of hosts and die out, it is hard to see how we can ever defeat the common cold. Even then, new cold viruses would evolve in time from animal viruses. Some even question whether it is desirable to try to eliminate colds. Its blind speculation, says Joel Weinstock of Tufts University in Boston in the US, ut the common cold may protect us from more serious viruses. An occasional sniffle might be a price worth paying if it keeps our immune defenses primed.（分数：10.00） (1).The drugs against colds are usually ineffective because（分数：2.00） A.colds are usually not serious. B.drugs can only relieve the illness.

C.drugs against some viruses have side effects. D.hundreds of viruses can lead to colds. √

解析：解析：事实细节题。考查因果细节，根据ineffective定位到第一段。其中讲到引发普通感冒的不是一种病毒，而是几百种不同的病毒，故D项与之相符。

(2).The phrase urn nasty(Line 2, Paragraph 2)most probably means that the cold viruses could be（分数：2.00）

A.unpleasant and disgusting. B.fruitless and disappointing. C.dangerous and severe. √ D.ineffective and painful.

解析：解析：语义理解题。根据题干定位在第二段。most likely to turn nasty是定语，修饰前面的cold

viruses，上文说colds can kill(感冒可致人死亡)，下文例证提到RSV病毒可使老人、儿童患重疾，由此可推知turn nasty表示感冒病毒会“越变越危险”，故选C项。

(3).It could be inferred from the third paragraph that（分数：2.00） A.specific DNA or RNA sequences are developed to detect the viruses. B.it is not a quick way to look for DNA sequences.

C.systems to detect viruses are working to enter the market. D.treatments for some specific virus are successful. √

解析：解析：推理判断题。根据题干定位到第三段。其中讲到治疗特定病毒的药物丝毫不起作用。除非感冒是由被怀疑病毒所致，故D项正确，表示针对某些特定病毒的治疗是有效的。

(4).Keeping taking drugs that prevent infection throughout the cold season will（分数：2.00） A.cure infection completely.

B.become inexpensive in the long run. C.increase the risk of addiction to drugs. √ D.have more side effects than other choices.

解析：解析：推理判断题。根据题干定位到第四段。最后一句明确指出，这种方法可能带来某种风险，即药物性依赖这一副作用，故C项与之相符。

(5).According to Joel Weinstock, its impossible and unnecessary to（分数：2.00） A.try to get rid of the common cold √ B.produce vaccines to defeat cold. C.protect us from common cold.

D.protect us from more serious viruses.

解析：解析：观点态度题。属于文中人物的观点，从最后一段可以推断出乔尔·温斯托克认为普通感冒也可能给人带来一些益处，原文的“盲目的推断”表明试图消除感冒是不可能的，也是没有必要的，A项正确。

Their defenders say they are motivated, versatile workers who are just what companies need in these difficult times. To others, however, the members of Generation 屙—those born in the 1980s and 1990s, otherwise known as the Net Generation—are spoiled, narcissistic idlers who cannot spell and waste too much time on instant messaging and Facebook. Ah, reply the Net Geners, but all that messing around online proves that we are computer-literate multi-taskers who are adept users of online collaborative tools, and natural team players. And, while you are on the subject of me, I need a months vacation to reconsider my personal goals. This culture clash has been going on in many organizations and has lately seeped into management books. The Net Geners have grown up with computers; they are brimming with self-confidence; and they have been encouraged to challenge received wisdom, to find their own solutions to problems and to treat work as a route to personal fulfillment rather than merely a way of putting food on the table. Not all of this makes them easy to manage. Bosses complain that after a childhood of being spoiled and praised, Net Geners demand far more frequent feedback and an over-precise set of objectives on the path

to promotion. In a new report from PricewaterhouseCoopers, a consultancy, 61% of chief executives say they have trouble recruiting and integrating younger employees. For those hard-to-please older managers, the current recession is the joyful equivalent of hiding an alarm clock in a sleeping teenagers bedroom. Once again, the touchy-feely management fads that always spring up in years of plenty are being ditched in favor of more brutal command-and-control methods. Having grown up in good times, Net Geners have labored under the illusion that the world owed them a living. But hopping between jobs to find one that meets your inner spiritual needs is not so easy when there are no jobs to hop to. And as for that vacation: heres a permanent one, sunshine. In fact, compromise will be necessary on both sides. Net Geners will certainly have to lower some of their expectations and take the world as it is, not as they would like it to be. But their older bosses should also be prepared to make concessions. The economy will eventually recover, and demographic trends in most rich countries will make clever young workers even more valuable. Besides, many of the things that keep Net Geners happy are worth doing anyway. But for the moment at least, the Facebook-ers are under heavy criticism.（分数：10.00）

(1).In the eyes of the critics of the Net Generation, the Net Geners are characterized as（分数：2.00） A.aimless and incompetent. B.self-isolated and arrogant. C.self-centered and indulged. √ D.selfish and uncooperative.

解析：解析：判断推理题。考查观点思想。答案在第一段第二、三两句。句中讲到：然而，对其他人而言，“Y一代”——那些80后、90后，或称为“网络一代”——是被宠坏的一代。他们自恋而懒散……，故C项“以自我为中心又放任的”符合文意。

(2).According to Paragraph 2, Net Geners are not easy to manage in that（分数：2.00） A.theyve attached too much importance to the personal fulfillment. B.theyve been courageous enough to challenge the authorities.

C.theyve had excessive confidence in themselves. D.theyve required excessive responses and goals. √

解析：解析：事实细节题。答案在第二段尊文中提到如今的老板们对网络一代颇有微辞，因为他们在职场的晋升之路上需要更频繁的反馈和过度详细的目标，D项符合内容。

(3).The word ouchy-feely(line 2, Paragraph 3)most probably means（分数：2.00） A.caring. √ B.cold-blooded. C.reckless D.interesting.

解析：解析：语义理解题。答案在第三段。touch本身表示触觉，feel表示感觉；不难推出该词意为“有同情心的”，即A项。此外，考生也可以从句末的more brutal command-and-control这一表述反推其含义。 (4).We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes（分数：2.00） A.Net Geners should give up their expectations.

B.older bosses should give the Net Geners whatever they want. C.both Net Geners and bosses should face the reality. D.both Net Geners and bosses should learn to concede. √

解析：解析：判断推理题。对于考查观点思想的题目通常要注意段落首末。第四段首句直言“事实上，双方有必要互相妥协”。D项正是这句话的变形，concede表示“让步”。

(5).What is the authors attitude towards Net Geners?（分数：2.00） A.Supportive. B.Objective. √ C.Biased. D.Pessimistic.

解析：解析：观点态度题。纵观全文，作者既列举了网络一代的优点，也指出了其不足；既引用了defenders的褒奖，又提出others对这一代的批评。因此，作者态度应当是“客观的”，即选B。