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王瑞琦,张云路,李雄*
.新时代乡村绿化美化的美学途径与科学导则.中国园林,2020,36(1):5-12.
新时代乡村绿化美化的美学途径与An Aesthetic Approach and Scientific Guidelines for 科学导则
Advancing China's Rural Greening and Beautification in the New Era
王瑞琦摘 要:城市化对中国乡村建设的审美标准和发展模式影响Abstract: Urbanization has a far-reaching impact on the aesthetic 张云路深远,新时代背景下必须对乡村绿化美化进行科学、正确的standards and development models of rural construction in China. In 李 雄*
引导。立足新时代背景分析乡村绿化美化的战略意义和理论逻the new era, it is necessary to guide rural greening and beautification 辑,结合理论与实践研究提出其靶向在“乡村”、基础是“绿in a correct and scientific way. Based on the background of the new WANG Ruiqi化”、重点是“美化”、要点是“产业”。基于传统人居美学era, this paper analyzes the strategic significance and theoretical logic ZHANG Yunlu思想,对乡村三大功能区的各组成元素开展绿化美化建设,保of rural greening and beautification, and puts forward that the target is LI Xiong
护乡村整体景观风貌的原真性、增加生态保育区生态绿量、提\"rural\升居住生活区景观品质、拓展经济发展区绿色产业。科学推进the key aspect is \"industry\". Based on the traditional aesthetic concept 乡村绿化美化发展,需要组建专业团队,建立科学理论;鼓励of human settlements, the construction of greening and beautification 学科交叉,探索科学方法;加强顶层设计,推进科学规划;强is carried out for each component element of the three major functional 化技术支撑,把握科学途径;推进试点工作,提炼科学范例。areas of the countryside, to maintain the authenticity of the overall 关 键 词:风景园林;新时代;乡村绿化美化;美学途径;rural landscape while promoting harmony between humans and nature, 科学导则
increase green spaces within ecological conservation zones while 文章编号:1000-6664(2020)01-0005-08promoting the ecological concept of harmonious coexistence, improve DOI:10.19775/j.cla.2020.01.0005the quality of landscapes in residential areas and building a poetic 中图分类号:TU 986 environment and develop green industries in economic development 文献标志码:A
zones and the creation of pastoral production landscapes. To promote 收稿日期:2019-10-30 the development of rural greening and beautification scientifically, it 修回日期:2019-11-20
is necessary to organize professional teams and establishing scientific 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目“基于城市森林构建的北京theories; to encourage interdisciplinary research and exploring 市生态绿地格局演变机制及预测预警研究”(编号31670704)和scientific methods; to enhance top-level designs and promoting 科技部重点研发计划项目“乡村生态景观营造模式研究”(编号scientific planning; to intensify technical support and understanding 2019YFD1100402)共同资助
scientific approaches; to promote the implementation of pilot projects and compiling scientific cases.
Keywords: landscape architecture; new era; rural greening and beautification; aesthetic approach; scientific guidelines
新中国成立以来,我国乡村的规划建设重化快速推进,土地利用存在耕地被建设用地大用地规模,并将“减量发展、绿色发展、创新点和土地利用格局随着社会经济发展阶段的不量侵占、工业用地开始出现并扩张、农用地类发展”确立为北京未来20年追求高质量发展的同而改变,大体可以分为三大历史阶段[1]。第型混杂、生态用地严重退化等问题[2],乡村衰退鲜明特征。这意味着我国大型城市正向减量发一阶段是村镇建设探索(1949—1978年),核心的现象明显[3]。第三阶段是生态文明背景下的展转型,乡村土地利用格局也将会因此而发生任务是修复战后家园,兴建农房和道路、水利美丽乡村全面提升(2012年至今),我国正在经重大转变,乡村生态和人居环境的改善将是未等公共设施,开展基本农田建设,土地利用以历着乡村旅游兴起、传统村落保护等一系列变来人居环境建设的重要组成部分。
建设用地和耕地为主要形式。第二阶段是村镇革,土地利用更加多元化,乡村建设发展面临然而,我国目前乡村建设“千村一面”现象建设制度化、规范化(1979—2011年),我国进着新要求、新挑战和新机遇。与此同时,北京严重。该现象出现的主要原因是乡村建设对我国入改革开放时期,乡村城镇化、工业化、旅游
提出“留白增绿”的规划理念,缩减城乡建设
城市化过程中城市建设成果的模仿与复刻,这种
* 通信作者(Author for correspondence) E-mail: lixiong@bjfu.edu.cn
6城市化过程中人们对美学的追求潜移默化地影响着乡村居民对于景观建设的审美标准,同时也导致乡村建设直接以城市化成果为蓝本,缺乏科学合理、精准对标的规划建设体系。那么,如何平衡乡村原真性保护与乡村居民日益增长的美好需求之间的矛盾?需要对乡村绿化美化提供正确的审美引导和系统的科学指导,构建绿色和谐宜居的美好家园。
1 乡村绿化美化研究综述
目前我国学界针对“乡村绿化美化”的研究较少,与乡村绿化美化相关的乡村绿化、乡村美学理论的研究较多。
乡村绿化美化方面,一些学者虽以“乡村绿化美化”为主题进行研究,却模糊了“绿化”与“美化”的区别,将二者混为一谈,认为绿化就是美化[4];在规划设计的研究上,仅停留在对乡村绿化树种的规划研究,并未对乡村绿化美化进行总体规划设计[5]。
乡村绿化方面,研究主要集中在国外乡村建设经验总结[6],以及国内乡村绿化现状和建设模式等。国外开展乡村绿化建设由来已久,强调人与自然的和谐,建设上体现“小、素、新”的审美标准,不走城市园林化的路线[7-10]。我国近年也开展了大范围的乡村绿化建设,国家林业和草原局造林绿化管理司乡村绿化调研组以及其他学者都对我国乡村绿化现状进行了研究,总结出现状存在发展不平衡不充分、独特文化展现不够、专业规划设计缺乏、产业发展结合不够紧密、农田沟路林渠的绿化不足,以及林网不完善等问题[11-12]。基于我国乡村绿化建设现状,较多学者对乡村绿化的不同规划建设模式[13-17]和树种选择进行了研究[18-23]。
乡村美学理论方面,部分学者从乡村绿化的科学理论出发,以我国传统乡村美学对乡村绿化建设的指导意义为研究目的,对乡村美学的历史起源、现实意义、整体特征、消逝表征以及如何指导乡村绿化建设进行了研究[24-29]。
通过文献梳理发现,我国学界针对乡村绿化美化相关的学理性阐释和理论实践研究相对缺乏。因此,通过研究乡村绿化美化的战略意义、理论逻辑、美学途径和科学导则,对更深入和准确地理解乡村绿化美化的内涵、更科学地指导我
中国园林 / 2020年 / 第36卷 / 第1期
国广大乡村开展绿化美化建设具有重要的理论和现实意义。
2 新时代开展乡村绿化美化的战略意义
十九大召开以后,我国进入生态文明引领美丽中国建设的新时代,“生态宜居”成为乡村人居环境的新要求,对比社会主义新农村建设发展中“村庄整洁”的要求,在空间范围上由村庄拓展到整个乡村的生态系统,在人的获
得感上由外在的视觉美观上升为内在的心理满足。因此,在生态文明时代开展乡村绿化美化反映了我国乡村生态与人居环境建设的最新认知水平和未来发展方向,其战略意义主要体现在以下4个方面。
2.1 乡村绿化美化是促进人与自然和谐共生的关键举措
自然是人类赖以生存和发展的条件与环境。乡村绿化美化坚持像对待生命一样对待自然环境,优先保护生态资源和现有绿化成果,开展生态环境修复建设,延续自然风貌,顺应地理结构,使人类的聚落空间和生产空间融入生态空间之中,协调生态用地与建设用地的矛盾,共同构建人与自然和谐共生的美好蓝图。
2.2 乡村绿化美化是提升广大农民获得感、幸福感的积极实践
乡村绿化美化的开展是积极落实《农村人居环境整治三年行动方案》的建设要求,遵循以人民为中心的思想,这里的“人”应该以乡村常住村民为优先,而不是短暂停留的游客。乡村绿化美化建设提升的重点是人类视觉焦点和日常活动空间,切实提高乡村居民生活质量,让广大村民在视觉和心理上得到满足。
2.3 乡村绿化美化是继承和发扬乡村地域文化的重要途径
乡村地域文化是民俗、传统、习惯与一定范围内地理环境相融合形成的文明,是独特的地域印记[30]。乡村绿化美化以保护乡村不可再生的生态和文化要素为重点,以提升乡村传统文化空间为补充,从现状出发,落实“一村一品,一村一景”的要求,构建融入自然景观、彰显地域特色的文化景观体系,实现“望得见山,看得见水、记得住乡愁”,塑造继承和发扬地域文化的乡村典范。
2.4 乡村绿化美化是实现绿水青山转化为金山银山的有效手段
新型城镇化通过产业融合的途径实现人的在
地城镇化,必将改变乡村现有的单一农业经济结构[31]。乡村绿化美化为乡村经济转型带来契机,充分利用绿水青山、积极改善村容村貌、大力弘扬地域文化、鼓励培育优势稀有树种,促进旅游业、农业、林业等产业的发展,实现“绿叶子”转变为“金豆子”。
3 乡村绿化美化的理论逻辑
3.1 乡村绿化美化的靶向在“乡村”
“农村”与“乡村”具有不同的含义,“农村”是等同于“村庄”的叫法,是指一种以农业为主的人类聚落发展的低级形式[32]。而“乡村”是指城市以外的地区[33],是人类文明的生态基底和文化源泉。因此,在乡村绿化美化中应优先保护自然生态环境,传承乡村历史文化,保持乡村整体风貌的原真性、完整性。3.2 乡村绿化美化的基础在“绿化”
绿化是在保留原有绿地的基础上种植植物来改善环境的手法。乡村绿化不仅能够快速提高乡村居民点的景观品质,同时也能增加城乡范围内市域绿地面积,优化市域生态用地格局,提升生态系统的环境承载力,践行可持续发展的城市生态文明建设理念。针对目前我国乡村绿化总量不足的问题[11],乡村绿化美化以绿化为基础,在摸清乡村绿化现状的前提下,以自然环境为背景进行有组织、有目的的天然林和人工林建设。3.3 乡村绿化美化的重点在“美化”
乡村绿化美化是一个完整的行动理念,不能只谈“绿化”,忽视“美化”。美化是一个提升现有事物品质的过程,目的是满足人们视觉和心理的享受。为提高村民和游客的幸福感和获得感,“美化”应该成为乡村绿化美化的建设重点,其涉及的范畴大到镇域整体景观风貌的控制,小到场地铺装材料的选择。3.4 乡村绿化美化的要点在“产业”
产业是乡村发展的支撑点,是乡村振兴的根本。乡村绿化美化是乡村振兴战略的落实,以乡村产业为建设发展的要点,始终贯彻“产业兴旺”的要求,厚植产业基础,探索“农业+”“林业+”“旅游+”等第一、第三产业的新发展模
式,以绿色特色产业增加乡村自身的“造血”功能,实现“生活富裕”。
4 乡村绿化美化的美学途径
目前我国乡村土地利用形态已不再是传统的农耕模式,绝大多数耕地已转变为承载农业、林业、旅游业等多用途的用地[34],是具有生态保育、居住家园、经济发展的三大功能区的混合体[2],各功能区的组成元素成为乡村绿化美化的建设重点。那么,新时代背景下如何进行乡村三大功能区的绿化美化?中国有着丰富的民族文化和独特的古典园林文化,应该从乡村的传统人居美学思想中寻找答案。传统人居美学思想是什么?我们可以从传统的国画、诗文中挖掘提炼。国画《千里江山图》《辋川别业》和古文《桃花源记》分别描绘的是一个包罗天地万物的大体系,一种可行可望、可游可居的生活方式,一张虚构的理想生活蓝图。展现的是一种和谐共生、诗意栖居、田园牧歌的意境,体现了“天地与我共生,万物与我合一”的自然哲学思想,是中华民族在乡村人居方面的美学素养核心,也是新时代乡村三大功能区绿化美化最值得、最应该传承和弘扬的美学思想。
4.1 保护乡村整体景观风貌原真,彰显天人合一的哲学思想
乡村景观风貌是乡村的生态环境、社会生活、经济生产和历史文化的内涵总和。乡村绿化美化的核心是保护乡村景观风貌的原真性、完整性,彰显天人合一的哲学思想。具体实施途径有以下4个方面。
1)构建三生统筹融合的绿色大景观体系。乡村是一个有机的整体,由生态保育、居住家园、经济发展的三大功能区对应的生态、生活和生产空间组成,3种空间彼此依赖、相互融合形成乡村真实质朴的景观风貌。《国家森林村庄认定办法》提出的首要评价指标是乡村自然生态风貌保护程度,其中包括乡村三生空间体系的构成。这说明,乡村绿化美化绝不仅仅是在乡村中增加植物来提升绿化的指标,符合美学的乡村人居环境一定是生态、生活、生产3类用地共同协调构成的绿色大景观体系。
2)系统治理山水林田湖草居生命共同体。十九大报告中提出保护自然生态,统筹山水
中国园林 / 2020年 / 第36卷 / 第1期林田湖草的系统治理。因此,乡村绿化美化应该以乡村地形地貌、山体水体、库塘沟渠等生态空间的治理为重点。此外,“居”是乡村生活中最
核心的空间,需要将其融入大的生命共同体中统筹考虑,乡村绿化美化需要将不同的单一自然和人工因子融合,形成不用层级的山水林田湖草居一体的景观风貌。
3)随形就势,构建自然天成的乡村景观格局。计成在《园冶》中写道:“自成天然之趣,不烦人事之工”,强调因地制宜、随形就势。乡村绿化美化应该尊重每一方土地独特的地形结构和风貌肌理,依附水网、林带、丘陵等特有的地理结构塑造稳定的乡村景观风貌。从Google地图可以看出浙江省级历史文化村清漾村是建立在近山水谷之处,整体的布局顺延地形地势形成立体的样态;而其北部新建的下厅村聚落位于平原地带,城市化的产物都是整齐划一的房屋(图1)。传统的乡村聚落和所谓的“现代化社会主义新农村”在空间布局和形态上形成鲜明的对比。
4)挖掘地域文化特色,传承中华优秀的历史文脉。
地域文化是乡村景观风貌的精髓,包括古树名木、祭祀庙宇等实体场地,也包括乡贤文化、伦理文化等精神理念。地域文化存在于乡村空间变迁和时间流逝的每个阶段中,并且能够操控地域景观风貌的发展,影响着乡村整体的景观审美空间。乡村绿化美化在提升现有文化实体场地景观的基础上,更需要注重在新增的景观中融入乡村的传统精神理念和文化要素,充分展示和宣传中国传统文化,营造富有感染力和生命力的景观。
4.2 增加生态保育区生态绿量,体现和谐共生的生态理念
乡村生态保育区是乡村赖以生存和发展的基础,也是乡村居住空间的自然基底。乡村绿化美化应该在保护现有自然生态系统完整的基础上,加强山体、水体、农田旁、村旁和道路林带的生态修复与绿化建设,增加乡村生态保育区的生态绿量,促进人与自然和谐共生。具体实施途径有以下5个方面。
1)修复破损山体,恢复自然原生植被。目前我国较多乡村的山体由于过度的挖山采石取土和严重的重金属污染,导致生态系统破
7
图1 浙江省江山市清漾村和下厅村空间分布
Fig.1 The spatial layout of Qingyang Village and Xiating Village in Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province
坏,同时引发地质灾害。乡村绿化美化应该广植树木修复破损山体、消除地质安全隐患,在恢复原生植被的同时重塑山体植物景观。例如,济南绿地系统总体提升规划项目中,很好地将乡村破损山体的修复与浅山彩化工程相结合。首先,对城市立交桥、建筑制高点等视点和乡村望山道路、浅山沟域道路等视廊进行视线分析,选择可见的破损山体,然后根据车行可视的高程范围、适宜栽植的坡度、环境适宜的坡向3个指标选出可见破损山体的彩化斑块(图2)。
2)丰富滨水景观,延续河畔井旁的河岸文化。人类大多数村落发源于河流两岸,蕴含着深厚的河岸文化。目前我国较多乡村将河道渠化、硬化,导致水土分离,从而加剧水污染程度,同时也导致村落布局、村民生活与水体失去关联,典型的江南乡村水边的洗衣石矶逐渐消失,阻断了河岸文化的脉络。因此,乡村绿化美化需要重塑滨水景观,在净化水体、涵养水源的同时,吸引村民重新利用溪流河道、水塘水井,增加村民日常互动交流,促进河畔井旁河岸文化的延续。
3)建设农田林网,构建纵横交错的防护屏障。农田是目前我国乡村面域最大的生产空间,农业也是绝大多数乡村的基础产业。农田防护林网能够在一定范围内降低风速、调节温度、增加湿度,形成有益于农作物生长的小气候环境。同时也能拦截地表径流,调节农田的地下水位。乡村绿化美化应增加农田绿化,构建“宽林带网格状乔灌草结构”的农田林网,改善农田小气候、
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满足功能和景观需求的乡村绿道。以延庆世园会周边乡村道路景观提升规划为例,首先依据不同主导功能以及与世园会的空间关系,将各段道路的景观定位为世园主题林、城市景观林、近自然风景林、生态防护林和居民休闲林,最后选择能够烘托主题的植物类型进行建设。
4.3 提升居住生活区景观品质,打造诗意栖居的生活图景
乡村居住生活区是村民日常起居、休闲游憩和邻里社交的重要场所,提升其景观品质能够直接提高村民的幸福感和满足感。乡村居住生活区由农房建筑、庭院和公共休闲空间组成,乡村
2
绿化美化要以提升这些空间的景观品质为建设重点。具体实施途径有以下4个方面。
强化水土保持,保证农作物的丰产和稳产。
1)协调新旧农房,引导和谐统一的建筑风貌。4)鼓励村旁植树,建设围庄环村的绿色林带。受城市化审美和外来文化的影响,我国新我国多数乡村进行村旁绿化是为了防风固农村建设中的农房建筑风格迥异,没有统一的地沙、防止山体滑坡、涵养水源,也有部分地区的域风格。乡村绿化美化需要加强对新建农房建筑乡村将村旁绿化打造成风水林和经济林,部分少的风貌引导,并注重有机协调现有农房建筑的风数民族聚居的乡村在村旁建设雪持林和祭祀林,格。浙江省衢州市耕读村的建筑形式、外饰材质主要目的是防止雪崩和营造祭祀空间的庄严感。不尽相同,但是整体视觉上协调一致。主要原因围庄环村林带具有较多重要的功能,因此,乡村是利用外乡人对江南的印象,将全村的庭院围墙绿化美化应该鼓励村民利用乡村周围空闲土地,界面改造为粉墙黛瓦,利用乡土材料统一新旧建根据不同主导功能和适用主体构建不同类型的围筑风格,形成当地统一的景观气质(图3)。
庄环村绿色林带,营造安全、生态、宜人的人居2)发展庭院园艺,营造美观舒适的多功能环境。
空间。
5)丰富道路景观,打造主题鲜明的乡村绿道。调查研究表明,乡村原住民认为日常最主乡村道路是村民日常生活生产的基础交通设要的活动场地是某户人家的家门口[35],也就是施,也是乡村与外界联系的纽带,需要依据不同庭院空间,说明乡村庭院空间不仅是居住农房的功能层级和连接对象进行景观规划设计,形成
室外日常休闲、生产劳作的空间,也是提供邻
34图2 济南市乡村可见破损山体的彩化斑块分布
Fig.2 The spatial layout of colored patches of restoring damaged mountains in rural areas of Jinan City图3 浙江省衢州市耕读村建筑庭院外墙
Fig.3 The outer wall of the courtyard in Gengdu Village, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province图4 浙江省衢州市永兴坞村公共空间花坛
Fig.4 The flower bed of public space in Yongxingwu Village, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province
里社交的场所。在农村现代化经济结构和模式转变下,生产劳作功能日渐弱化。因此,乡村庭院空间的绿化美化应该增加实用性的果蔬植物和景观性强的乡土花卉,结合园艺手法进行组合搭配,生产绿色食品的同时营造舒适美观的日常休闲和社交空间。
3)控制公共空间尺度,打造舒适宜人的休闲游憩景观。
乡村公共空间是提供村民日常休闲、群体活动的场所,使用人群是彼此熟悉的邻居,甚至是同宗族亲戚。相较城市而言,其功能更加多元,服务人群少且单一。因此,乡村公共空间的设计应该区别于常规城市大型公园广场。空间规划以小而精为原则,功能设置上满足日常集体活动的需求,景观营造上选择乡土化的铺装和植物材料。浙江省衢州市永兴坞村利用河滩卵石砌筑花坛(图4),营造出一种尺度宜人、近自然生长状态的和谐景观。
4)坚持适地适树,构建质朴野趣的植物景观。乡村绿化美化应该选择适应性和抗逆性强的乡土树种,坚持适地适树的原则,构建稳定、近自然的植物群落,形成质朴野趣的植物景观。在此过程中,一定要“去城市化”,避免形成不符合乡村氛围的植物景观。例如,四川天府新村将整形绿篱、大面积草坪等城市人工化的植物形式原版放进乡村的植物景观建设中,这种“公园化”“高尔夫化”的景观是一种需要外部能量输入而非自生的人工植物群落,需要大量的人力、物力、财力去维护。乡村绿化美化应该提倡田园风光的塑造,而不是公园景观的打造,更不是城市化的建设。
4.4 拓展经济发展区绿色产业,塑造田园牧歌的生产景观
乡村经济发展区包含农业、林业等绿色产业,乡村绿化美化应采用合理的方式拓展绿色产业,塑造田园牧歌的生产景观,实现村民生活富裕。具体实施途径有以下2个方面。
1)保证农业生产,打造产景游一体的田园综
合体。
目前我国较多乡村的农田用地被工业用地侵占,旅游业开发强度也相对过大,整齐的厂房和瞬时性花卉花海景观代替了传统农业经济作物,乡村独特的田园风光也不复存在。这是一种错误
的发展模式,乡村振兴不是过度的产业化。乡村绿化美化应该在保证农业生产的基础上,结合自然山水环境、地域文化,适度发展农业观光旅游。同时,也可以结合农业收割的过程,举行时令性、低影响的节事活动,开发体验、参与等多种类型的农业旅游模式,打造集生产、景观、旅游、科普于一体的田园综合体。2)发挥林业特色,发展类型多样的绿色产业。经济林、用材林等林草产业也是很重要的乡村绿色产业。乡村绿化美化应该加强森林抚育管理,开展低效经济林和用材林的改造,提高林草产业质量。也应鼓励村民利用闲置的土地建造新的名特优树种经济林、用材林,利用多种合作宣传的方式打造品牌效应、提升核心竞争力。浙江省安吉县以毛竹为核心产业,打造示范基地、科普生产技术宣传品牌,同时鼓励当地企业与外地高校合作,为学校竹构设计竞赛提供原材料。该竞赛受到社会的广泛关注,提高企业知名度的同时也成功宣传了当地的毛竹产业,这是值得学习的成功案例。5 乡村绿化美化的科学导则新时代、新问题、新需求导向下,乡村绿化美化的目标不再是构建一个外观美丽的绿色乡村,而是要统筹考虑大尺度的生态格局和小范围的人类需求,建设生态宜居的美丽乡村。因此,亟须构建科学的乡村绿化美化导则,建立理论体系、探索研究方法、推进整体规划、研发实施技术、提炼示范案例,为打破局部的“栽树填空”建设模式、推进乡村的全面建设发展提供科学支撑,指明科学方向。5.1 组建专业团队,建立科学理论乡村绿化美化是对乡村整体的生态和人居环境进行建设,该过程涉及乡村空间形态格局的优化、自然人文资源的统筹、人类感知与景观环境的协调,以及产业发展与环境保护的平衡等问题,需要利用多领域的理论知识应对建设发展需求和工程实践。我国乡村绿化美化相关的理论研究已有一定成果,按照其建设途径和目标进行研究分类(表1),与之相应的核心理论包括4个方面:1)景观空间形态;2)环境生态资源;3)游憩使用感受;4)绿色产业发展。在这些科学理论中,景观评价理论贯穿各个类型中国园林 / 2020年 / 第36卷 / 第1期956图5 乡村绿化美化相关的科学方法Fig.5 Scientific methods related to rural greening and beautification图6 乔口镇重点区域景观控制Fig.6 Rural landscape control in key areas of Qiaokou Town表1 乡村绿化美化相关科学理论Tab.1 Scientific theories related to rural greening and beautification景观空间形态环境生态资源游憩使用感受绿色产业发展景观美学理论、生命周期理论、景观游憩学理论、供给需求理论、乡村美学理论、可持续发展理论、环境心理学理论、体验经济学理论、共生理论、生态网络理论、人居环境学理论生态经济学理论、原乡规划理论景观生态学理论旅游地生命理论及尺度,能够为乡村绿化美化的规划建设政策乡村绿化美化需要突破传统的村镇景观规划思和规章制度的制定提供导向和评判依据。乡村路,鼓励多学科交叉,充分发挥专业团队中多学绿化美化需要邀请相关行业的专家组建专业的科、群组研究的优势,衔接相关学科研究成果,团队,利用专业知识建立符合自身建设现状和贯通式利用科学方法,以便指导乡村绿化美化的发展需求的科学理论体系。科学规划。例如,湖南省望城县乔口镇村镇景5.2 鼓励学科交叉,探索科学方法观的规划项目中,利用环境学科的环境监测技术科学的方法能够指导正确的规划建设。基于检测土壤污染金属铅(Pb)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)的分目前的系列理论和实践研究成果,与乡村绿化美布,再通过统计学SPSS法分析这些污染金属与化规划建设相关的科学方法主要有观察监测法、乡村建设用地密度的相关性,最后基于研究结果定性分析法、定量分析法和模型模拟法(图5)。指导风景园林学科的村镇景观规划(图6)。105.3 加强顶层设计,推进科学规划
利用多学科的理论和方法,加强乡村绿化美化的顶层设计,合理引导乡村的风貌管控、空间布局,保护地域特色、控制人工建设用地扩张。推进科学的乡村绿化美化规划,要做到:1)跳开城市化规划设计的思路,因地制宜地进行多层面、多类别的独立规划,避免标准化、批量化的设计,体现乡村绿化美化规划的科学性、适应性和客观性;2)从空间和时间2个维度考虑,编制县域、镇域、村域总体发展规划和多阶段的重点项目实施规划,体现规划的完整性、时序性和前瞻性;3)积极回应和落实国家政策,也要着眼全球治理,努力让中国智慧绽放在全球乡村建设发展的舞台。
5.4 强化技术支撑,把握科学途径
明晰科学的途径是保证乡村绿化美化规划落实程度的核心。目前我国乡村出现严重的生态环境破坏和工程建设质量问题,乡村生态修复和环境建设基础薄弱滞后,缺乏专业技术支撑。乡村绿化美化亟须结合美丽乡村建设的需求,大力推动生态修复、低成本建设、环境监测、绿色增产增效等关键技术集成示范,强化高新技术应用,把握科学的实施途径,落实规划理念,保证建设成效。
5.5 推进试点工作,提炼科学范例
“试点先行、示范带动、全面铺开”的思路是推动乡村绿化美化的关键途径,科学的范例能够引领和指导建设,推动联动发展。乡村绿化美化推进试点工作,需要对保护型、增绿型、提质型乡村统筹规划,依据乡村的特点、需求和发展规律分类施策,提高试点工作的科学性、可行性和有效性。通过开展试点工作探索科学的途径、积累成功的经验,最终达到线成片、片成群的“雁阵效应”。
6 结语
推进我国乡村生态和人居环境的建设是实现美丽中国和乡村振兴的重要环节。乡村绿化美化是继新农村建设之后我国乡村建设发展进入的新阶段。本文对乡村绿化美化相关的建设背景、国家政策和文献综述进行分析,阐述了乡村绿化美化的战略意义、理论逻辑,提炼我国传统人居美学思想,提出当代乡村生态保育、居住家园、
中国园林 / 2020年 / 第36卷 / 第1期
经济发展三大功能区中各组成元素的具体绿化美化美学途径以及相关实践案例,最后通过大量的文献梳理总结出乡村绿化美化的科学导则,构建科学理论、科学方法、科学规划、科学途径和科学范例体系,推进乡村绿化美化的科学建设和发展。乡村绿化美化的事业功在当代、利在千秋,必须坚持可持续发展的模式,通过正确的美学引导和系统的科学指导,将被动接受转变为主动学习,使传统人居美学的断裂转变为可持续的继承与发展。通过美学和科学的介入,乡村绿化美化不再完全受城市化的影响,“千村一面”的现象将不复存在。
注:文中图片均由作者绘制或拍摄。
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(编辑/刘欣雅)
作者简介:
王瑞琦
1995年生/女/湖北人/北京林业大学园林学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为风景园林规划设计理论与实践(北京 100083)
张云路
1986年生/男/重庆人/博士/北京林业大学园林学院副教授,硕士生导师/城乡生态环境北京实验室/研究方向为风景园林规划设计理论与实践、城乡绿地系统规划(北京 100083)
李 雄
1964年生/男/山西人/博士/北京林业大学副校长,教授,博士生导师/城乡生态环境北京实验室/研究方向为风景园林规划设计理论与实践/本刊编委(北京 100083)
中国园林 / 2020年 / 第36卷 / 第1期11
An Aesthetic Approach and Scientific Guidelines for Advancing China's Rural Greening and Beautification in the New Era
WANG Ruiqi, ZHANG Yunlu, LI Xiong
In light of China's new policy on constructing the ecological civilization, advancing toward creating a beautiful Chinese countryside are evident. Developing \"ecologically sound residences\" is a new requirement in fostering a livable rural environment. Moreover, there are new requirements, challenges, and opportunities for country-wide rural development. Current development practices in China reflect a future-oriented conceptualization of China's rural ecological and living environment. This conceptualization signifies a key shift toward promoting harmonious coexistence between humans and nature and active practices that enhance farmers' gains and perceptions of happiness. This project will also ensure the transmission of rural regional cultures to future generations, providing an effective strategy for transforming \"clear waters and lush mountains\" into invaluable assets.
1 Underlying Rationale of the Rural Greening and Beautification
The rural greening and beautification project targets the \"rural\". Accordingly, protecting natural ecological environments, transmitting rural history, and maintaining the authenticity and integrity of the overall rural landscape are key priorities. \"Greening\" is the base level of the project, with the natural environment providing the foundation for systematically developing natural and artificial forests. The focus should be on \"beautification\landscape regulation to the selection of construction paving materials. \"Industry\" is a key aspect of this project. Green industries can improve the revitalizing capacities of village communities, thus advancing the goal of developing a prosperous society.
2 The Aesthetic Approach for Rural Greening and Beautification
Three functional zones are integrated within Chinese villages: ecological conservation, residential areas, and economic growth. The components of each functional zone are the targets of the rural greening and beautification approach, which applies traditional aesthetics. These aesthetics are an integral dimension of Chinese settlements, creating an ambience that promotes harmonious coexistence, poetic dwelling, and a pastoral way of life.
2.1 Maintaining the authenticity of the overall rural landscape while promoting harmony between humans and nature
The rural landscape represents the sum of the various meanings attached to the rural ecological environment, social life, economic production, history, and culture. Rural greening and beautification require the implementation of four action components. The first is the construction of a macro green landscape system, integrating habitation, production, and ecology. Rural greening and beautification are not simply intended to improve greening indexes by increasing vegetation within villages. An aesthetic rural living environment must reflect an organic integrity through the coordination of habitation, production, and the ecology. The second component is the fostering of a living community in which water bodies, mountains, forests, farms, and homes, which constitute a core living space within villages, coexist harmoniously and are systematically managed. All of these dimensions of the village environment should be integrated within a wider living community to create a comprehensive and diverse landscape. The third component entails creating the layout of a natural rural landscape in which measures are matched to local conditions. The unique structure of the terrain and texture of the landscape within each land type should be respected. A stable rural landscape should be developed according to the underlying geographical structures, such as water networks, forests, and hills. For example, the forms and spatial layout of traditional rural settlements in Zhejiang Province contrast sharply with the contemporary socialist countryside. The final component entails identifying local cultural characteristics and transmitting exemplary models derived from Chinese history. This activity encompasses physical sites as well as spiritual concepts that constitute the essence of any landscape. The integration of traditional rural spiritual concepts and cultural elements into new landscapes and the demonstration and publicizing of traditional Chinese culture should be emphasized within initiatives aimed at improving the landscapes of physical and cultural sites.
2.2 Increasing green spaces within ecological conservation zones while promoting the ecological concept of harmonious coexistence
The functional zone of rural ecological conservation forms the basis of the endurance and development of village communities, providing a natural foundation for rural living spaces. The following five measures are recommended for advancing rural greening and beautification. First, damaged mountains and depleted natural vegetation should be restored by reshaping the vegetative mountain landscape. For example, the planning project to improve the overall green space within Jinanentails a combined approach of restoring damaged mountains in rural areas and low elevation areas coloring connecting. Second, waterfront landscapes should be diversified and the riparian culture should be promoted and disseminated. Many villages have canalized and rigidified their river channels, thus exacerbating water pollution and constraining the development of riparian cultures. Rural greening and beautification includes the restoration of waterfront landscapes to encourage daily exchanges among villagers and the sustenance of their waterfront cultures. The third measure entails constructing farmland shelterbelt networks to form crossed protective barriers. This measure could contribute to lower wind speeds, moderate temperatures, and increased humidity, thus creating a microclimate that benefits crop growth and ensures high and stable crop yields. The fourth recommended measure is to plant trees and develop a green forest belt around villages. Apart from controlling wind, retaining sand, preventing mountain landslides, and conserving water, this measure can contribute to the development of Fengshui forests and economic forests. Idle land around villages can be used to develop different types of green forest belts according to their key functions and objectives, thus creating an ecologically secure and appealing environment for settlements. The final measure entails enriching road landscapes and constructing rural greenways, and applying distinctive themes. Rural roads constitute basic transportation infrastructure required to sustain villagers' livelihoods and production while also linking connect villages to the outside world. Landscape planning and design should be based on different functional levels, aiming at developing rural road landscapes with functions that satisfy the needs of the landscape.
2.3 Improving the quality of landscapes in residential areas and building a poetic environment
Rural residential areas are important venues for villagers' living, leisure, recreation, and social networking activities. Therefore, improving the landscape quality can directly enhance villagers' perceptions of happiness and satisfaction. Four specific measures are recommended to achieve this. First, new and old houses should be coordinated and balanced to promote a harmonious and integrated built landscape. For example, although built structures, their decorations and construction materials vary in Gengdu Village, Quzhou City in Zhejiang Province, the overall effect is visually coordinated and balanced. Second, courtyard gardening and comfortable multi-functional spaces should be developed. Survey findings indicate that most aboriginal villagers consider the yard of a house to be the most important venue for social interactions. Accordingly, establishing comfortable and beautiful courtyard spaces for daily leisure and social networking activities should be prioritized. Third, the size of public spaces should be controlled, and a comfortable landscape for leisure and recreation should be built. Only a small number of people occupy rural public spaces, so this space should remain small but should be refined in a manner that preserves its original character. In Yongxingwu Village, Quzhou, flower beds have been developed in public space to create a harmonious landscape that is of a comfortable size and features nearly natural
12vegetative growth. Last, a rustic look and appeal should be created by selecting the right trees for the right places. A stable and near natural plant cluster should be developed as opposed to a garden-based or urbanized landscape.
2.4 Development of green industries in economic development zones and the creation of pastoral production landscapes
The rural economic development zone encompasses green industries such as agriculture and forestry. In the context of rural greening and beautification, the pastoral production landscape should be molded to enhance villagers' affluence, considering two aspects. First, rural complexes premised on agricultural production and integrating production, the landscape, and tourism should be constructed. Excessive industrialization cannot revitalize rural areas. Therefore, it is wrong to develop industries and tourism by occupying rural farmlands. Rural tourism should be developed in a moderate manner that simultaneously promotes agricultural production and preserves natural water bodies, mountains, and local cultures. The second aspect entails developing diversified green industries with forestry characteristics. Villagers should be encouraged to plant patches of economic and timber forests using high quality tree breeds. Multiple approaches for strengthening public cooperation are required to build a brand effect and improve core competitiveness.
3 Scientific Guidelines for Rural Greening and Beautification
3.1 Organizing professional teams and establishing scientific theories
The objective of rural greening and beautification is to construct the overall ecological and human habitation environment within villages. This process entails establishing multiple village industries, requiring theoretical knowledge drawn from several disciplines to respond to engineering and construction and development requirements. Research on greening and beautification has made significant strides in China. The types of research are categorized according to the construction approaches and objectives, and four dimensions are covered within the respective core theories: (1) landscape spatial forms, (2) environmental and ecological resources, (3) perceptions relating to recreational use, and (4) green industries. During the rural greening and beautification process, relevant industrial experts should be invited to forma professional team and develop a scientific theoretical system that conforms to the construction status and development demands.
3.2 Encouraging interdisciplinary research and exploring scientific methods
Scientific methods can guide appropriate planning and construction. In light of existing theories and practical research, the scientific methods associated with rural greening and beautification planning and construction are observation and monitoring, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, 中国园林 / 2020年 / 第36卷 / 第1期
and modeling. Rural greening and beautification requires innovating based on traditional rural landscape planning concepts. Multidisciplinary research should be encouraged, and the advantages offered by professional multidisciplinary teams and cohort studies should be exploited to guide scientific planning of rural greening and beautification projects. For example, environmental monitoring and testing technologies were incorporated in the rural landscape plan of Qiaokou, Wangcheng County in Hunan Province.
3.3 Enhancing top-level designs and promoting scientific planning
Multidisciplinary theories and methods can augment top-level rural greening and beautification designs, rationally guide the regulation of landscapes and the spatial layout of villages, protect regional characteristics, and control the expansion of built land. To promote scientifically based rural greening and beautification planning, the following actions are recommended. First, urban planning and design concepts should be foregone in favor of diverse, independent planning exercises at multiple levels. Efforts should focus on ensuring that rural greening and beautification planning is scientific, adaptive, and objective. Second, spatial and temporal dimensions should be foregrounded in development plans at the county, township, and village levels and in key multi-stage project plans to ensure that they are comprehensive and farsighted, reflecting the temporality of activities. Last, to put Chinese knowledge and wisdom center stage in the global field of rural development, the idea of global governance should be highlighted while simultaneously responding to and implementing national policies.
3.4 Intensifying technical support and understanding scientific approaches
Rational, scientific approaches are essential for implementing rural greening and beautification plans. Currently, severe environmental destruction and engineering quality problems along with limited specialized technology support are critical issues in Chinese villages. To advance rural greening and beautification, the demonstration and integration of ecological restoration, low-cost construction, environmental monitoring, green cultivation, and other key technologies is imperative. Additionally, it is essential to strengthen high-tech applications, foster a better understanding of scientific implementation approaches, and implement plans and concepts so as to ensure effective construction.
3.5 Promoting the implementation of pilot projects and compiling scientific cases
Key approaches for promoting rural greening and beautification projects through concrete guiding inputs include a demonstration pilot-driven model followed by comprehensive construction projects and the compilation of scientific cases. To advance this process, rural planning should be categorized according to the characteristics, demands, and development rules of villages so as to ensure the scientificity, feasibility, and effectiveness of pilot
schemes. Specifically, pilot schemes should be deployed as a way of exploring scientific approaches and accumulating successful experiences that will eventually be replicated throughout an area.
4 Conclusions
Rural greening and beautification is a new rural development approach in China that adheres to the New Rural Construction policy. This paper has illuminated the strategic significance and theoretical rationale of rural greening and beautification while providing inputs for refining traditional aesthetic concepts applied to Chinese rural settlements. Moreover, it has proposed specific approaches and provided relevant examples of contemporary villages in which all of the components of the three functional zones are evident. Finally, it has outlined scientific guidelines for developing and constructing rural greening and beautification projects in China. Rural greening and beautification offers benefits for both current and future generations. A sustainable mode of development is critical, requiring the conversion of passive learning into active learning through the adoption of appropriate aesthetics as well as systematic and scientific guidance, thus enabling a shift in the distinct traditional aesthetics of Chinese settlements toward sustainable development and their future transmission.
(Editor / LIU Xinya)
Biography:
WANG Ruiqi, female, born in 1995 in Hubei Province, Ph.D. candidate of School of Landscape Architecture in Beijing Forestry University, research area: landscape architecture planning and design theory and practice (Beijing 100083)
ZHANG Yunlu, male, born in 1986 in Chongqing Province, Ph.D., associate professor and Master tutor of School of Landscape Architecture in Beijing Forestry University, research area: landscape architecture planning and design theory and practice, urban-rural green system planning and design (Beijing 100083)
LI Xiong, male, born in 1964 in Shanxi Province, professor, doctoral tutor and Vice-President of Beijing Forestry University, member of the editorial committee of Chinese Landscape Architecture, research area: landscape architecture planning and design theory and practice (Beijing 100083)
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