学习一个较难掌握和翻译的词：justify
一． justify 是及物动词，后跟名词或动名词作宾语，意为：to give a good reason for; to
be a good reason for 证明… 有理 / 正确; 为…辩护
1. How can you justify such an expense / justify spending so much money?
2. The government will find it difficult to justify this decision ( to the public).
3. Nothing can justify such rudeness.
没有人任何理由可以为这种粗暴行为辩解。
请注意下面例4和例5两个句子的汉译:
4. You can’t justify neglecting your parents.
你不关心父母是没有理由的。
5. They found it hard to justify their son’s giving up a secure well-paid job.
他们难以理解儿子竟放弃了收入颇丰的稳定的工作。
6. The welcome he received amply justified his visit.
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他所受到的欢迎充分证明他的出访是值得的。
7. The end justifies the means. (谚语) 只要目的正当，可以不择手段。
8. The pursuit of good ends does not justify the employment of bad means.
追求的目的正当并不证明可以使用不良手段。
9. Improved productivity justifies an increase in ages.
提高了生产力，理应增加工资。
10. Tiredness cannot possibly justify your treating staff this way.
你不能以劳累为理由就这样对待员工。
11. Such action cannot be justified on the grounds of greater efficiency. 以提高功效为依据可以证明采取这种措施是正确的。
12. You shouldn’t attempt to justify yourself.
你不应该想方设法证明自己有理。
13. Does this justify you / your taking legal action？
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难道这能证明你诉诸法律是有理的吗?
14. Your state of anxiety does not justify your being so rude to me.
你心情焦急不能成为你对我如此粗鲁的理由。
二．justified 是个p.p. 转成的adj., 一般用作表语，偶尔也作定语。意为: having a good
or proper reason，含义为：有正当道理的，合理的, 其后面跟in，其主语是做事的人（称）。
15．Is she justified in her criticisms?
她的批评有道理吗?
16．I think I’m completely justified in asking for his resignation.
17．They are fully justified in doing so.
请注意例18的汉译:
18．The constable was justified in shooting an escaped criminal in self-defense. 警察出于自卫枪击逃犯的行为被判明无罪。
19. He is fully justified in leaving the matter at that.
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他有充分理由把事情只做到那一步为止。
20. As the goods were damaged, she felt fully justified in asking for her money back.
此词还可表示“（书写或印刷）齐行的，排整齐的”：
21．The right margin on the page isn’t justified. 这一页的右边没有对齐。
三．justifiable is an adj., meaning “ that can be justified”, 可汉译为：可证明为正当的，有理的，无可非议的，情有可原的，可辩护的，等等。该词可用作定语，也可用作表
语，其（逻辑）主语是事与物。
22．It can be hardly justifiable. 这很难说是正当的 / 这是说不过去的。
23．justifiable homicide 正当的（出于自卫的）杀人
24．justifiable pride 无可非议的自豪感
25．It is justifiable family pride. 那是无可非议的家族自豪感。
四．justification n. 主要用在 in justification (of), with / without justification, no justification for中。
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26． He said this in justification of his action. 他说这话是为自己的行为辩护。
27. He attacked me without justification. 他毫无理由地攻击我。
28. He was getting angry --- and with some justification. 他生气了--- 事出有因。
29． I suppose that, in justification, he could always claim he had a family to support.
我想他反正会以养家为理由来进行辩解。
30. I can see no justification for dividing the company into smaller units.
我认为没有理由…
31．What can be said in justification of their action？
32．I know he’s upset, but that is no justification for his rude behavior.
五. 下面的justified是作定语的：
33．justified criticism / suspicion / anger 事出有因的批评/ 怀疑/ 愤怒
六． justifiability n. 意为：正当，可辩护性
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七． justifiably adv. 正当地，有理由地
八． justifiableness n. 无可非议，有理由，情有可原
九． jusitificatory a. 起辩护作用的，用以辩解的
十． justificative a. 起辩护作用的，用以辩解的
四级辅导专题答问（1） Should 在虚拟条件句中的一个用法
★ 在与将来事实相反的条件句中，其条件从据的位于还可以用should + v. ,
这种形式只强调一种有偶然实现的可能性。例句如下：
1． If he should see me, he would know me. 假如他看见我，就会认识我。 2. If you should be interested in it, I should / would very glad to send you a copy of my book. 你如对我的书感兴趣，我将会很高兴寄给你一册。
★ 这种形式往往有不为人所欢迎的含义：
3. If he should go away, I should be grieved. 他若离去，我就会伤心的。
★ 在这种以熬煎句中，表示结果的主句常用陈述语气或祈使语气：
4. If the train should be late, what will you do? 如果火车晚点了，你怎么办？
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5. If we should fail in this plan, we are ruined. 这个计划如果失败，我们就完了。
6. If you should meet Margaret, tell her I want to see her. 你见着Margaret, 告诉她我要见她。
7. If it should rain again, the flowers will bloom.
8. If he should fail to come, ask Obama to work in his place.
他明天要是来不了,就叫奥巴马替他(的位置).
9. If I should be detained(耽搁), start the programme without me.
10. If Clinton should come tomorrow, I would tell him everything.
11. If you should be passing by my house, you might return the book you borrowed.
★ 在以上7—11句中 , should 仅表示一种不太肯定的婉转口气, 并不影响条件的真实性.
四级辅导答问（2）II． Anything but 与nothing but
★ Anything but (=not…at all，far from) 根本不，决不，完全不是，一点也不
1. It is anything but bad. 这完全不是什么坏事。
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2. That old bridge is anything but safe. 那座旧桥一点也不安全。
★ nothing but 只(做了)…
3．Last evening I did nothing but watch TV. 昨晚我除了看电视，没有作其他的事情。
4．I had nothing but a banana for lunch. 午饭我只吃了一根香蕉。
★ 注意: 没有(x) something but 这一词语
四级辅导答问(3) III. Such as to 和 such that
★ Such as to 到如此程度以至于（后接动词不定式）
★ Such that 如此（…）以至于 (后接that从句)
1．His illness is such as to cause anxiety. 他的病已严重到令人担心的地步 。
2．His illness is not such as to cause anxiety. 他的病还没有严重到令人担心的地步。
3． His speech is such as to show his ignorance of the subject. 他的话暴露出他对这门学科一无所知。
★ Such that 如此…以至于 (后接that从句)
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4．His excitement was such that he shouted. 他兴奋地叫了起来。
5. His anger was such that he lost control of himself. 他勃然大怒，以致不能自制。
6. His courage is such that he does not know the meaning of fear.(= He is so courageous that he does not know the meaning of fear.) 他胆子大，（以致）不只恐惧为何物。
7. The force of the explosion was such that it blew out all the windows / was such as to blow out all
the windows. 爆炸的力量很大，所有的玻璃窗都被炸掉了。
四级考试专题辅导（4） 关于表语形容词
1． 大多数形容词即可用作定语又可用作表语。
2． 但有少数形容词只能用作表语，不能用作定语，故称之为表语形容词：
1）某些表示健康状况的词well，unwell， ill, faint
2）以a-起首的词，常见的有： afraid , awake, , alone, alike, alert ,aware, alive, ashamed , content, unable；另外还有： ablaze（着火的，明亮的）, adrift（漂泊，漂流的）, afire（燃烧着的，怀着极大兴趣的）, aflame（燃烧着的， 发红、发亮的）, afloat（漂浮的）, afoot（徒步的）, agape（口瞪目呆的）, aghast（（吓呆的）, aglow（发亮
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的）, agog（渴望着的）, akimbo（叉着腰的）, akin（同族的）, amiss （有毛病的，除差错的）, aslant（倾斜的）, alight（照亮的） , astir（动起来的）, astray （迷路的）, averse（反对的）, awash（被浪潮冲打的）, awry（斜的，错的）, aflutter （飘动着的，冲动的） , afoul （冲撞着的）
3． 个别形容词多用作表语，间或也可用作定语的有：sure, sorry, glad, fond
a) They could not grow vegetables because there was no sure water supply. (…可靠的水源)
b) On the eve of the 1911 Revolution, China was indeed in a sorry state(情况确实很糟糕).
c) Glad news kept coming in. 不断传来喜讯。
d) She had fond hopes of becoming a movie star. 她妄想当电影明星。
4． 有几个形容词，在被一个状语修饰的前提下，也可用作定语：
e) the half-asleep / fast asleep child 半睡/熟睡的孩子 f) the wide/fully awake patient 完全醒着的g) a somewhat afraid soldier 有些惊恐的士兵 h) a really alive (=lively) student 充满活力的学生 i) a very ashamed girl 十分害羞的女孩
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