音素是最小的语音单元，英语中有44个音素，其中20个为元音音素，24个为辅音音素。元音可以分为单元音和双元音。单元音又有长元音和短元音之分。长元音用/:/符号表示。辅音有清辅音和浊辅音之分。
元音的发音特点是气流通口腔时，不受任何阻碍，声带振动。学习元音时，主要是中掌握舌、唇、牙床的位置。
辅音的发音特点是气流通过口腔或鼻腔时，受到舌、唇、齿等发音器官的阻碍。发声时声带不振动的是清辅音；声带振动的是浊辅音。发辅音时，注意不可加入元音成分。
音标是音素的书面符号，用来注明字幕和单词的读音。每一个音标代表一个音素，写在方括号[ ]或双斜线/ / 内。 单元音
前元音： /i:/ /ɪ/ /e/ /æ/ 中元音： /ɜ:/ /ə/ / ʌ/
后元音： /ɑ:/ /ɒ/ /ɔ:/ /ʊ/ /u:/ 双元音
合口双元音： /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/ 集中双元音： /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ 辅音
爆破音： /p/ /b/ / t/ /d/ / k/ /g/ 破擦音： /tʃ/ /dʒ/ /ts/ /tr/ /dz/ /dr/ 摩擦音： 舌尖摩擦音— /θ/ /ð/ 唇齿摩擦音— /f/ /v/ 舌端齿唇音— /s/ /z/ 舌端齿唇后部音— /ʃ/ /ʒ/ 声门音— /h/
舌尖齿龈后步摩擦音— /r/ 鼻辅音：/m/ /n/ /ŋ/ 舌侧音：/ ǀ/
半元音：/ j/ / w/
英语音标及字母组合对照
一、元音
1) [i:] 发音字母: ee ea e ie ei ey ee three tree green [gri:n] sheep meet beef see
ea eat tea meat leave teacher team mean speak clean please e he she me ie piece
ei receive [rɪ'si:v] key
2) [ɪ] 发音字母: i y e
i sit picture it is list six pig big build miss y many twenty happy dictionary e decide delicious [dɪ'lɪʃəs]
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3) [ æ ] 发音字母: a
bag hand and ant happy hat map black back glad flag man animal ['æniməl]
4) [e] 发音字母: ea e a
ea head bread sweater ['swetə] breakfast ['brekfəst] heavy pleasure
e festival ['festəvəl] elephant ['elifənt] remember [ri'membə] sell lesson
better bed desk hotel [həu'tel] yes a many any ['eni]
5) [ɜ:] 发音字母: ir ur ear er or
ir girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird ur turn burn murder nurse turtle ['tə:tl] purple Thursday ear learn early earth heard er term her
or work worker word world [wɜ:ld] 6) [ə] 发音字母: er or o a e ur ure
er teacher under remember player father ['fɑ:ðə] mother ['mʌðə]
farmer after
or doctor actor forget
o together tomorrow today lesson welcome policeman [pə'li:smən] a around about ago [ə'gəu] elephant away banana China e student children open different ['difərənt] ur Saturday picture
7) [ɑ:] 发音字母: ar a al au ear
ar car farm card arm garden ask hard a fast class last glass aunt al half au laugh ear heart
8) [ ʌ ] 发音字母: u o ou oo
u up supper lunch fun run hunt cup bus o come mother dose brother love above ou trouble oo blood flood
9) [ɔ:] 发音字母: al ar au or our oor a aw ou oar our ore all small wall talk tall ball call walk warm quarter daughter autumn
short horse for forty sport door floor store four your [jɔ:] door floor water saw bought
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board course more
10) [ɒ] ([ɔ]) 发音字母: o a ou au
orange hot lost lot fox box hop lot not want what wash watch tough because
11) [u:] 发音字母: oo o u ew oe ou ui too zoo food[fu:d] school room goose tooth who do two to shoe whose true truth blue full ruler drew [dru:] shoe group fruit
12) [ʊ] 发音字母: oo ou u o look good foot book wood [wʊd] should could would [wʊd] put full pull push woman wolf [wʊlf]
13) [eɪ] 发音字母: a ay ai ey ei ea eigh name cake late gate plane April ['eiprəl] play say may way day away
rain[rein] train main paint [peint] eight eighteen eighty they grey great break eight
14) [əʊ] 发音字母: o ow oa ou
home cold go no phone host ghost coco ['kəʊukəu] ['koko] (美) know yellow below throw blow show row boat coat goat [gəʊt] shoulder
15) [aɪ] 发音字母: i y igh ei ie eigh
bike fine find hi nine five rice write like my try fly by light night high either lie heigh
16) [aʊ] 发音字母: ou ow
house out about ground [graund] count [kaunt] sound blouse
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around
mouse
flower down now cow how town brown 17) [ɔɪ ] 发音字母: oy oi boy [bɔɪ] toy joy toilet oil noise
18) [ɪə] 发音字母: eer ear ere ier ea eu beer deer ear near dear here bier idea museum
19) [eə] ([ ɛə ]) 发音字母: ear air ere eir are pear bear chair air there where their theirs care
20) [ʊə] 发音字母: ure oor ur our sure [ʃʊə] poor sure tour
二、辅音 [p] (p, pp)
pea peach pig pink [piŋk] purple map pp happy [t] (t, tt, ght)
two [tu:] too [tu:] to [tu:] boat ten twelve tt bottom ght light [k] (k, c, ck, ch, cc)
come cap cat bike cake black duck kick chemist account cock [f] (f, ff, ph, gh, lf, fe)
fish frog foot [fut] feet [fi:t] face farm off phone rough half knife
[θ] th three mouth [s] (s, ss, c)
snake [sneik] sing face miss city
[ʃ] (sh, ti, ci, sch, ch)
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ship [ʃɪp] sheep[ʃi:p] shop she
she nation appreciate schlock machine [h] hen [hen] house horse hand hair [ts] (ts) skirts students shirts [t∫] (ch, tch, ti)
Chinses China peach beach chicken watch question
[tr] (tr) tree train trousers
[b] bee big bye black bed bear book banana [d] (d, dd)
bed dad do need duck head dd add [g] (g, gg, gu)
bag pig dog egg girl bigger guess [v] (v, f, ve)
vest [vest] very live([lɪv]v, [laiv]adj) leave of have
[ð] (th) with this [z] (z, s, x)
zoo zebra has
example
[ʒ] (s, z, ge, gi, si)
measure pleasure seizure rouge regime division [dʒ] (j, g, dge)
orange juice gentle
bridge
[dz] (ds) beds words hands heads friends [dr] (dr, ddr)
drink dress drive address [r] (r, rr, wr)
rabbit ['ræbɪt] red rice carry
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wrong [m] (m, mm)
monkey milk some come game summer [n] (n, nn, kn)
nose son sun run chicken pen funny know [ŋ] (ng, n)
king sing English pink
[j] (y, u, ew, ui, ue)
yes yellow you
union use few suit due [w] (w, u, o, wh)
water watermelon ['wɔ:tə,melən] white quite one why
[l] lion ['laiən] lemon ['lemən] blue leg lamp
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