Week 1
Part I Gap-filling
Many parents depend on punishment as a way of disciplining their children or punishing them for misbehavior. Punishment can take many 1 . Some parents physically punish their children in different ways. Other parents 2 punish their children，for example，by threatening or shouting at them．Still others use various punishments，such as making their children sit in a corner.
Research 3 shows that punishing children may work in the short run，but it does not work in the long run．In the short run，it stops 4 behavior．Children will generally stop using bad words，for example，if they are scolded seriously，punished with a slap on the behind，or not given the dessert．The dramatic 5 that often follows punishment can immediately reinforce an adult．More often than not，this success can tempt a parent to use the punishment 6 .
The tricky condition comes later，however，often well after the punishing 7 is over. In the 1ong run，punishment is likely to cause several problems. One is that to be effective，punishment must be rather 8 . A mother’s shaking her head in mild disapproval is 9 to stop children from fighting; for some, only loud words and physical punishment will work. But serious punishment does great 10 to a young child—a thorough spanking(用手掌打屁股)risks physical harm and abuse and can be a humiliating(屈辱的)experience.
[A]likely [B]verbally [C]unlikely
[D]measures
E]unwanted [F] failure
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[G]incident [H]harm [I] success
[J]consistently [K]condition [L] repeatedly
[M]serious [N]forms [O]unwelcome
Part II Detailed reading
Passage One Questions
I’m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was struck by a report which concluded that today’s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.
Why are America’s kids so stressed? The report cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation—brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other things—and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.
Given that we can’t turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation cope.
At the top of the list is nurturing (培育) a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress.
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To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and computers. Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will get more sleep.
Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to. It’s not just video games and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news.
Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale.
Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesn’t have to ruin your life.
1. The author thinks that the conclusions of any research about people’s state of mind are ________.
A) surprising B) confusing C) illogical D) questionable
2. What does the author mean when he says, “we can’t turn the clock back” (Line 1, Para. 3)?
A) It’s impossible to slow down the pace of change. C) Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten.
B) The social reality children are facing cannot be changed. D) It’s impossible to forget the past.
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3. According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago ____.
A) were less isolated physically C) probably suffered less from anxiety
B) were probably less self-centered D) were considered less individualistic
4. The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is ________.
A) to provide them with a safer environment C) to get them more involved socially
B) to lower their expectations for them D) to set a good model for them to follow
5. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
A) Anxiety, though unavoidable, can be coped with.
B) Children’s anxiety has been enormously exaggerated.
C) Children’s anxiety can be eliminated with more parental care.
D) Anxiety, if properly controlled, may help children become mature.
Passage Two
It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints (约束) influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your
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chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don’t at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth’s story:
I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle (小隔间) offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles, several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way.
It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but “nice” isn’t a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you’ll probably have to ask for it.
Performance is your best bargaining chip (筹码) when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want.
Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market.
What will someone else pay for your services?
Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.
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6. According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should ________.
A) demonstrate his capability C) ask for as much money as he can
B) give his boss a good impression D) ask for the salary he hopes to get
7. What can be inferred from Beth’s story?
A) Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations.
B) If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it.
C) People should not be content with what they have got.
D) People should be careful when negotiating for a job.
8. We can learn from the passage that ________.
A) unfairness exists in salary increases performance
C) one should avoid overstating one’s
B) most people are overworked and underpaid D) most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises
9. To get a pay raise, a person should ________.
A) advertise himself on the job market
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B) persuade his boss to sign a long-term contract
C) try to get inside information about the organization
D) do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions
10. To be successful in negotiations, one must ________.
A) meet his boss at the appropriate time of the interaction
C) be good at influencing the outcome
B) arrive at the negotiation table punctually dislikes
D) be familiar with what the boss likes and
Cloze
Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 67 an event take place; newspapers are on the streets 68 the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to 69 the news.
Newspapers have one basic 70, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 71 it. Radio, telegraph, television, and 72 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 73 , this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 74 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 75 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers 76 of the latest
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news, today’s newspapers 77 and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers’ economic choices 78 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 79 . News papers is sold at a price that 80 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 81 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 82 in selling advertising depends on a newspaper’s value to advertisers. This 83 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 84 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 85 in a newspaper’s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information 86 the community, city, country, state, nation, and world and even outer space.
67.［A］ Just when ［B］ While ［C］ Soon after ［D］ Before
68.［A］ to give ［B］ giving ［C］ given ［D］ being given
69.［A］ gather ［B］ spread ［C］ carry ［D］ bring
70.［A］ reason ［B］ cause ［C］ problem ［D］ purpose
71.［A］ make ［B］ publish ［C］ know ［D］ write
72.［A］ another ［B］other ［C］ one another ［D］ the other
73.［A］ However ［B］ And ［C］ Therefore ［D］ So
74.［A］ value ［B］ ratio ［C］ rate ［D］ speed
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75.［A］spread ［B］ passed ［C］ printed ［D］ completed
76.［A］ inform ［B］ be informed［C］ to informed ［D］ informed
77.［A］ entertain ［B］ encourage ［C］ educate ［D］ edit
78.［A］ on ［B］ through ［C］ with ［D］ of
79.［A］ forms ［B］ existence ［C］ contents ［D］ purpose
80.［A］ tries to cover ［C］ fails to cover
［B］manages to cover ［D］ succeeds in
81.［A］ source ［B］ origin ［C］ course ［D］ finance
82.［A］ way ［B］ means ［C］ chance ［D］ success
83.［A］ measures ［B］ measured ［C］ is measured ［D］ was measured
84.［A］ somewhat ［B］ little ［C］ much ［D］ something
85.［A］ offering ［B］ offered ［C］ which offered ［D］ to be offered
86.［A］ by ［B］ with ［C］ at ［D］ about
Translation
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87. She ____________________ (对我们的警告充耳不闻) and got lost.
88. That Canadian speaks Chinese _________________ (和他说英语一样流利).
89. (Tony 是否来) doesn’t matter much. We can rely on ourselves.
90. On hearing the news, I __________________ （忍不住笑起来）and spread it among the class.
91. Not until Alice had a baby of her own ____________________ （她才了解）how hard it was for her mother to have brought up her sister and her on her own.
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