第二部分 Part Two Procedures of today:
* Amplification vs. Omission* Affirmation vs. negation* Repetition
* Exercises in class* Assignments of today
增译法
Amplification p.p.41—43
* 英译汉的增词主要是出于汉语表达的需要，用增词法译出原文所省略
的词语，增添必要的连接词、量词或复数概念，表现不同的时态或先后顺序，或从修辞连贯等方面考虑，使译文的遣词造句符合汉语的表达习惯。
* 汉译英的增词旨在使译文符合英语的语法结构和表达习惯，常用于代
词、冠词、连接词以及介词的增添。Some more examples:
* Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.* 物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。* Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
* 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训好。* Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.
* 因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力。
* The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.* 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。* We won’t retreat; we never have and never will.
* 我们不会后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不会后退。
* This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely
proportional to its cross-section area.
* 这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。
* Many great writers were not appreciated fully while they were alive.* 许多大作家的作品在他们活着的时候得不到人们的充分赏识。* 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。
* Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again
and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.* 我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。
* We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can beproperly solved.
* 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
* Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.* 我们应当逐步缩小城乡差距。
* We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country.* 这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清”。
* It is just as the proverb goes, “The onlooker sees most of the game”.
省略法
Omission p.p. 43—45
* 英译汉时省略法主要是省略一些可有可无、不符合译文习惯表达法的
词语，如实词中的代词、动词，虚词中的冠词、介词和连词等。
* 汉译英时省略主要是省略冗词赘语，以及一些表示概念范畴的词语和
过分详细的描述。Some more examples:
* For two weeks, he had been studying the house, looking at its rooms, itselectric wiring, its path and its garden.
* 两周以来，他一直注意观察房子的情况，察看各个房间，留心电线的走向、通道和花园的布局。
* The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow.* 力的方向可以用箭头表示。
* On Sundays we have no school.* 周日我们不上学。
* Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentleman-like.* 宾利先生相貌英俊，彬彬有礼。
* If you don’t go there tomorrow, they will get angry.* 你明天不去，他们会生气的。
* When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.* 压力低，沸点就低。
* Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs.* 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。
* 我已经提前完成了交给我的工作，他也提前完成了交给他的工作。* I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule, so has he.* 这些问题就是他提出的关于美国政治制度的问题。* These are his questions on the American political system.
* 花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸
缎，用不完的金银财宝。
* The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spend.Negation vs. Affirmation p.p. 45—46
* 固有语言现象，对号入座。
* 从原则上说，最好是肯定译肯定，否定译否定以便更准确地传达原文
的意义。
* 表达否定概念时词汇手段、语法手段、甚至语言逻辑等方面有差异，
必须先弄清楚是否用同样的表达形式
* 有时候英汉翻译中的肯定与否定并不完全对应，我们不能一看见yes
便译作“是”，一看见no便是“不”。
* “Zhang Lan!” “Yes.”
* Oh, yes; a very great success.* “Just one moment.” “Yes, sir.”
* “Send it at once, will you?” “Yes, sir.”
* He covered himself quickly and got in, saying: “Yes, yes.”* “He doesn’t see us.” “Yes, he does.”
* “Yes?” The man standing at the door asked.
英语否定的划分
* 完全否定（带no的词语，如no, not, never, nobody, nowhere, neither…nor, nothing, none, 等）
* 半否定（hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little等）
* 部分否定（not all, not every, not both, not much, not many, not always等）
* 带否定意义的词语（fail, without, beyond, until, unless, lest, ignorant,refrain, refuse, neglect, absence, instead of, other than , except, rather than等
* 英语中表示否定可用两种办法，一是借助词汇，二是借助结构（e.g.no doubt, no wonder, not…without, more…than, etc.)和表达方式(the last,the least, above, beyond, too…to, too…for etc.)。
汉语否定的划分
* 完全否定：“不、绝不、绝对不会、没有、非、未、无、不是、毫
无、根本没有、根本不、完全不、否则”等。不总是、几乎不、不怎么”等。
* 部分否定：“并非所有的都、几乎没有、不是每个都、不是两个都、* 双重否定：“非······不、非······莫、不······没有”等
否定与肯定的译法
* 英译汉时可用“正说反译”、“反说正译”、“正反均可”三种方法。
* 汉译英时应根据英语的习惯表达、从强调或修辞角度考虑、以及视具
体情况采用肯定或否定，以准确地表达出原文的精神风貌。Some more examples:
* He denied it to be the case.他说事实不是这样。
*
* Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst.
* 时间是我们作缺少的，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人最不善于利用。* It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.* 他无权签订这种合同。
* I’m at my wit’s end to keep this child quiet.* 我实在是没办法让这孩子安静下来。
Some more examples:
* The doubt was still unresolved after his repeated explanation.* 经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。
* All the articles in the museum are untouchable.* 博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。* I’m new to the work.
* 这工作我是生手。/这工作我不熟悉。* He realized that he was in trouble.
* 他意识到遇到麻烦了。/他感到自己处境不妙。
Some more examples:
* There is not any advantage without disadvantage.* 有一利必有一弊。
* Today, there’s scarcely an aspect of our life that isn’t being affected by theInternet.
* 今天，我们生活中的方方面面无不受到因特网的影响。* He didn’t half like the girl.* 他非常喜欢那姑娘。* If that isn’t what I want!* 我所要的就是这个呀！
Some more examples:
* 在他还没来得及阻拦我之前，我已经跑出教室。
* Before he could stop me, I had rushed out of the classroom.* 我们讨论问题时，不能忘记这些基本点。
* These basic concepts must be kept in mind in our discussion.
* 到目前为止，该组织辜负了世界人民所寄予的希望。
* This organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of
the world place in it.
否定的陷阱
Some Traps in Negative Structures:* not…because
* Gates didn’t drop out because he wanted to avoid work but to start hiscompany.
* 盖茨辍学不是想逃避学业，而是为了开办自己的公司。* cannot…too
* The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated.* 这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。* all/every…not
* All that glitters is not gold. / None that glitters is gold. * 发光的不一定都是金子。/ 发光的都不是金子。
否定的陷阱
Some Traps in Negative Structures:* both…not
* Both the instruments are not precision ones.* 这两件东西不都是精密仪器。* for all one care/know
* You may leave at once for all I care.* 你尽可立即离开，我才不管呢。* It be + adj. + noun + that
* It is a good workman that never blunders.
* 智者千虑，必有一失。（再······的······也难免会）
重译法
Repetition p.46
* 为了语义明确
* The law of conservation and transformation of energy is the chief basis ofengineering practice.
* 能量守恒和能量转换定律是工程实践的主要基础。
* A foreign language learner will get more knowledge from practice thanfrom books.
* 学习外语的人从实践中学到的知识比从书本上学到的知识要多。* The common acceleration is that of freely falling bodies.* 最常见的加速度是自由落体的加速度。
为了强调
* We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him inthe air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow andliberated its people from his yoke.
* 我们将在陆地上与他作战，我们将在海上与他作战，我们将在天空中与他作战，直至在上帝的帮助下，从地球上彻底驱除它的阴影，从他的枷锁中解救其人民。* Out of sight, out of mind.* 眼不见，心不烦。为了生动
* Please wait a minute.* 请等一等。
* You will always find his tardiness and carelessness in everything he does.* 你会发现他做任何事都是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎的。
* If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for thefew.
* 多数人兴高采烈之日，却是少数人伤心失意之时。* But there had been too much publicity about my case.* 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。Exercises in class:
* This printer is indeed cheap and fine.
* After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.
* The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable and withoutecho.
* The significance of a man is not in what he attains but rather in what helongs to attain.
* 大作收到，十分高兴。
* 你是白天工作还是夜间工作？
* 多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。
Key:
* 这部打印机真是价廉物美。
* 在观看足球比赛之后，他有一个重要会议要参加。
* 这个大厅有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、样式新颖、没有回声。* 人生的意义不在于已获取的，而在于渴望获得什么样的东西。* I was very glad to have received your writing.* Do you work in the daytime or at night?
* For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country.Exercises 2
* I have read your article. I expected to meet an older man.* Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed.* He is not always at home on Sundays.* Meetings are seldom held recently.
* He is not the manager and chief engineer.
* It is a good horse that never stumbles and a good wife that never grumbles.* 所有的问题在会议上都没有解决。
* 俗话说，“男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处”嘛。* 党的十六大充分表明，我们党兴旺发达，后继有人。
Key
* 拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。* 物质既不能创造又不能消灭。* 他星期天不一定在家。* 最近很少开会。
* 他并非既是厂长又是工程师。
* 再好的马也会失蹄，再贤惠的妻子也会抱怨。* None of the problems was solved at the meeting.
* As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt.”
* The 16th Party Congress fully demonstrates that our Party is flourishing andhas no lack of successors.Assignments of today:
* 思考：增词法、省略法、正反译法、重译法在英汉互译中的使用* 预习：语序调整、句法转译、长句的拆分与合并
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