大学四级-930
(总分711,考试时间90分钟)
Part Ⅰ Writing
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Pressure. You should write at least 120 words and you should base **position on the outline.
1. 现代社会里充满了竞争与压力。 2. 然而，有时压力并非坏事。
3. 当然，过多的压力有害于我们的健康。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1 - 7, mark
Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For questions 8 - 10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Why the workforce is important Picture of the global workforce
Based on new analyses of national censuses, labour surveys and statistical sources, WHO estimates there to be a total of 59.2 million full - time paid health workers worldwide. These workers are in health enterprises whose primary role is to improve health (such as health programmes operated by government or nongovernmental organizations ) plus additional health workers in non - health organizations (such as nurses staffing a company or school clinic). Health service providers constitute about two thirds of the global health workforce, while the remaining third is composed of health management and support workers.
Workers are not just individuals but are integral parts of functioning health teams in which each member contributes different skills and performs different functions. Countries demonstrate
enormous diversity in the skill mix of health teams. The ratio of nurses to doctors ranges from nearly 8:1 in the African Region to 1.5:1 in the Western Pacific Region. Among countries, there are approximately four nurses per doctor in Canada and the United States of America, while Chile, Peru, El Salvador and Mexico have fewer than one nurse per doctor. The spectrum of essential **petencies is characterized by imbalances as seen, for example, in the dire(可怕的) shortage of public health specialists and health care managers in many countries. Typically, more than 70% of doctors are male while more than 70% of nurses are female a marked gender imbalance. About two thirds of the workers are in the public sector and one third in the private sector. Driving forces: past and future
Workers in health systems around the world are experiencing increasing stress and insecurity as they react to a complex array of forces some old, some new. Demographic (人口统计学的)and epidemiolagical transitions drive changes in population-based health threats to which the workforce must respond. Financing policies, technological advances and consumer expectations can dramatically shift demands on the workforce in health systems. Workers seek opportunities and job security in dynamic health labour markets that are part of the global political economy. The spreading HIV/AIDS epidemic imposes huge work burdens, risks and threats. In many countries, health sector reform under structural adjustment capped public sector employment and limited investment in health worker education, thus drying up the supply of young graduates. Expanding labour markets have intensified professional concentration in urban areas and accelerated international migration from the poorest to the wealthiest countries. The consequent workforce crisis in many of the poorest countries is characterized by severe shortages, inappropriate skill mixes, and gaps in service coverage.
WHO has identified a threshold in workforce density below which high coverage of essential interventions, including those necessary to meet the health - related Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs), is very unlikely. Based on these estimates, there are currently 57 countries with critical shortages equivalent to a global deficit of 2.4 million doctors, nurses and midwives. The proportional shortfalls axe greatest in sub - Sabaran Africa, although numerical deficits are very large in South -East Asia becanse of its population size. Paradoxically, these insufficiencies often coexist in a country with large numbers of unemployed health professionals. Poverty, imperfect private labour markets, lack of public funds, bureaucratic red tape and political interference produce this paradox of shortages in the midst of underutilized talent.
Skill mix and distributional **pound today's problems. In many countries, the skills of limited yet expensive professionals are not well matched to the local profile of health needs. Critical skills in public health and health policy and management are often in deficit. Many workers face daunting working environments poverty - level wages, unsupportive management, insufficient social recognition, and weak career development. Almost all countries suffer from maldistribution characterized by urban concentration and rural deficits, but these imbalances are perhaps most disturbing from a regional perspective. The WHO Region of the Americas, with 10% of the global burden of disease, has 37% of the world's health workers spending more than 50% of the world's health financing, whereas the African Region has 24% of the burden but only 3% of health **manding less than 1% of world health expenditure. The exodus of skilled professionals in the midst of so much unmet health need places Africa at the epicentre of the global health workforce crisis.
This crisis has the potential to deepen in **ing years. Demand for service providers will
escalate markedly in all countries rich and poor. Richer countries face a future of low fertility and large populations of elderly people, which will cause a shift towards chronic and degenerative diseases with high care demands. Technological advances and income growth will require a more specialized workforce even as needs for basic care increase because of families' declining capacity or willingness to care for their elderly members. Without massively increasing training of workers in this and other wealthy countries, these growing gaps will exert even greater pressure on the outflow of health workers from poorer regions.
In poorer countries, large cohorts of young people ( 1 billion adolescents) will join an increasingly ageing population, both groups rapidly urbanizing. Many of these countries are dealing with unfinished agendas of infectious disease and the rapid emergence of chronic **plicated by the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The availability of effective vaccines and drugs to cope with these health threats imposes huge practical and moral imperatives to respond effectively. The chasm is widening between what earl be done and what is happening on the ground. Success in bridging this gap will be determined in large measure by how well the workforce is developed for effective health systems.
These challenges, past and future, are well illustrated by considering how the workforce must be mobilized to address specific health challenges.
The MDGs target the major poverty - linked diseases devastating poor populations, focusing on maternal and child health care and the control of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Countries that are experiencing the greatest difficulties in meeting the MDGs, many in sub - Saharan Africa, face absolute shortfalls in their health workforce. Major challenges exist in bringing priority disease programmes into line with primary care provision, deploying workers equitably for universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment, scaling up delegation to community workers, and creating public health, strategies for disease prevention.
Chronic diseases, consisting of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancers, injuries, and neurological and psycho logical disorders, are major burdens affecting rich and poor populations alike. New paradigms of care are driving a shift from acute tertiary hospital care to patient - centred, home - based and team - driven care requiring new skills, disciplinary collaboration and continuity of care as demonstrated by innovative approaches in Europe and North America. Risk reduction, moreover, depends on measures to protect the environment and the modification of lifestyle factors such as diet, smoking and exercise through behaviour change.
Health crises of epidemics, natural disasters and conflict are sudden, often unexpected, but invariably recurring. Meeting the challenges requires Coordinated planning based on sound information, rapid mobilization of workers, command and- control responses, and inter-sectoral collaboration with nongovernmental organizations, the military, peacekeepers and the media. Specialized workforce capacities are needed for the surveillance of epidemics or for the reconstruction of societies torn apart by ethnic conflict. The quality of response, ultimately, depends upon workforce preparedness based on lo cal capacity backed by timely international support.
These examples illustrate the enormous richness and diversity of the workforce needed to tackle specific health problems. The tasks and functions required are extraordinarily demanding, and each must be integrated into coherent national health systems. All of the problems necessitate efforts beyond the health sector. Effective strategies therefore require all relevant actors and organizations to work together.
1. According to the report, there is a total of 59.2 million paid health workers worldwide.
2. The ratio of nurses to doctors is much higher in African Region than that in the Western Pacific Region.
3. Latin American Region's ratio of nurses to doctors is lower than 1: 1.
4. Health workers are experiencing more and more stresses.
5. It is because of HIV/AIDS that the supply of young graduates are drying up.
6. It is quite possible that the health workers in America must involves some immigrants from Asia and Africa.
7. African Region has spent more of world health expenditure because they has heavier burden of disease.
8. Around the world, there is a ______ of 2,400,000 million doctors, nurses and midwives.
9. Maternal and child health care and the control of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria are some main devastating diseases which the MDGs are ______.
10. To meet the health crises of epidemics, natural disasters and conflict, we need joint efforts based on sound information, ______ command and - control responses, and inter - sectoral collaboration with nongovernmental organizations, the military, peacekeepers and the media.
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
【点此下载音频文件】 11. A. 4 B. 3 C. 7 D. 8 12.
A. She baked the cake herself. B. She bought it from the shop.
C. She wants the man to bake it for her. D. The bakery baked the cak 13.
A. To buy some potatoes. B. To pass him some potatoes. C. To have some potatoes.
D. To help him look some potatoes. 14.
A. Jim looks nice in anything.
B. Jim doesn't cook nice in the new shirt. C. Jim does not look nice in the old shirt. D. He wants Jim to lend him that shirt. 15.
A. The rain has stopped.
B. She wants to soak her clothes. C. She is looking for her clothes. D. It's raining heavily. 16.
A. She will give him something to write.
B. She doesn't know who took away his notebook. C. She wants to borrow some paper for him.
D. He can borrow a notebook from her. 17.
A. She wants to go in another day. B. It will depend on the weather. C. It's a nice day to go to class. D. Some of them can go swimmin 18.
A. He is very surprised to have such a bad weather. B. He doesn't think the train will be late. C. The train is late because of bad weather. D. Nobody will be surprised that the train is lat
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.
【点此下载音频文件】 19.
A. This evening.
B. Tomorrow morning. C. Tomorrow afternoon. D. Tomorrow evenin 20.
A. Because it's the holiday season. B. Because the tickets are sold at a discount.
C. Because only one or two flights arc available each day. D. Because the other flights have been cancelle 21.
A. Three. B. Four. C. Five. D. Six. 22.
A. The woman's mother loves to cook, so she always cooks big, homemade meals.
B. The man's family dine out a lot, because there are too many people to cook dinner for. C. The man has a brother who does translation work. D. The woman does not go home very often.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
【点此下载音频文件】 23.
A. Mating habits of squid and octopus.
B. The evolution of certain forms of sea life. C. The study of marine shells. D. Survival skills of sea creatures. 24.
A. He didn't understand the lecture. B. He wants to borrow her notes next week. C. He needs help with a makeup exam. D. He was sick and unable to atten 25.
A. Some sea creatures developed vertebrae. B. The first giant squid was captured. C. Some sea creatures shed their shells. D. Sea life became more intelligent.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
【点此下载音频文件】 26.
A. Have to buy a special electronic ticket.
B. Have to travel a long way to visit the university.
C. Need art expensive device designed especially for the museum. D. Need a computer linked to a telephon 27.
A. Provide a place **puter artists to show their work. B. Sell the art works more easily.
C. Save space of museums for other purposes. D. Provide more fun for the artists. 28.
A. It helps a computer artist to record his pictures electronically. B. It helps a computer artist to send his pictures to others.
C. It helps a computer artist to prim pictures on paper.
D. It helps a computer artist to connect **puter to the art museum.
Passage Two
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
【点此下载音频文件】 29.
A. 4 years B. 5 years C. 8 years D. at least 9 years 30.
A. biology B. chemistry C. philosophy D. medicine 31.
A. Each student must pass a national examination.
B. Students who do best in the studies have a greater chance. C. They can seek to enter a number of medical schools. D. Chances to gain the entrance are many.
Passage Three
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
【点此下载音频文件】 32.
A. Guarding the coasts of the United States. B. Being part of the United States Navy. C. Guiding people along the coast. D. Protecting people from army attack. 33.
A. Enforcing laws contrelling navigation, shipping, immigration and fishing. B. Enforcing laws affecting the privately - owned bests in the U. S. C. Searching for missing beats and rescuing people. D. Training people to good swimmers along the beac 34.
A. 17,000 B. 1,700 C. 70,000 D. 7,000
35.
A. dangerous B. hard C. exciting D. dull
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time ,you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time,you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time,you should check what you have written.
Cats are (36) of habit. They like to go to sleep about the same time every day and for a certain (37) of time. They seem to have a (38) clock inside them that tells them when to sleep. Cats (39) their regular sleep with (40) catnaps. Some experts feel that human could also (41) from this habit.
Catnaps help to build up (42) in the body. They are also a good way to **e (43) . Since cats have moods similar to those of humans, some experts believe that (44) (45) The naps would usually last from fifteen to thirty minutes. Winston Churchill took catnaps. So did Presidents Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. 3ohnson. (46) .
Perhaps more people could learn from eats and take naps to feel better and live longer! 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word blank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the blank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the blank more than once.
Friedrich Dobl, a Yugoslav working in Germany, was (47) up with traffic jams. At long weekends and holiday times when he wanted to get him quickly he always found himself behind hundreds of other cars moving slowly along the (48) foreign workers' route through Germany and Austria.
How easy it all was for police and emergency services. A siren, a flashing light? And like magic everyone was out of the way. Going home from work one night he passed a garage. And there in front of him was the answer to his (49) An old ambulance was for (50) . The red cross had been removed. But not the flashing light, and the siren, He tried the light. It flashed (51) . He tried the siren. That too sounded impressive. He bought the ambulance and opened up for himself a dream world of motoring.
It began early in the morning, all his luggage in the back of the ambulance and motorway in Germany looking reasonably clear. Soon, as always, a long line of traffic appeared ahead. He (52) on the flashing light and (53) off the siren. Cars swiftly slowed and pulled off the fast lane. Other cars stopped and drivers waved him ahead to an open road all his own. In record time he crossed the (54) into Austria. The big bluff was working. Police even waved him through the confusion caused by an accident.
But then the Yugoslav made his beg mistake. Until then he had only stopped for petrol. Now be was driving past a real accident, lights (55) , too late to realize that it was not another traffic jam as he assumed. They stopped him, and after hearing the story of his ride across two countries (56) him 12.5 pounds.
A. removed B. fed C. switched D. notorious E. set F. problem G. accounted H. border I. sale J. flashing K. magnificently L. jams M fined N. siren O. garage 47. 48.
49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
When Mike Kelly first set out to build his own private space -ferry service, he figures his bread -and -butter business would be lofting satellite into high - earth orbit. Now he thinks he may have figured wrong. \"People were always asking me when they could go,\" says Kelly, who runs Kelly Space & Technology, \"I realized the real market is in space tourism.\"
According to preliminary market surveys, there are 10,000 would - be space tourists willing to spend. $1 million each to visit the final frontier. Space Adventures in Arlington has taken more than 130 deposits for a two - hour, $ 98,000 space tour tentatively set to occur by 2005. This may
sound great, but there are a few hurdles. Putting a simple satellite into or bit-with no oxygen, life support or return trip necessary--already costs an astronomical $ 22,00/kg. And that doesn't in elude the cost of insuring rich and possibly litigious passengers. The entire group of entrepreneurs trying to corner the space- tourism market have between them \"just enough money to blow up one rocket.\"
The U.S. space agency has plenty of money but zero interest in making space less expensive for the little guys. Sa the little guys are racing to do what the government has failed to do: design a reusable launch system that's inexpensive, safe and reliable, Kelly Space's prototype looks like a plane that has sprouted rocket engines. Rotary Rocket in California has a booster with retors to make a helicopter - style return to Earth. The first passenger countdowns are still years away, but bureaacrats at the Federal Aviation Administration in Washington are already informally discussing flight regulations. After all, you can't be too prepared for a trip to that galaxy far, far away.
57. What's the author's tone in the last sentence of the passage?
A. objective B. ironical C. approving D. enthusiastic
58. The phrase \"bread- and- butter business\" most probably means ______.
A. a business to sell bread and butter B. a business to produce bread and butter C. the business to make a living D. a traveling agency
59. How much is the 2 - hour space tour for each person according to Space Adventures in Arlington?
A. $1 million B. $ 10,000 C. $98,000 D. $ 22,000
60. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Take Vacations in Space B. Building Hotels in Space
C. Flight regulations in Space Travels D. Cost of Space Traveling
61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. The biggest hurdle for the space - tourism project is lack of a life supporting system.
B. The entrepreneurs trying to explore the space - tourism have plenty of money. C. The government have little interest in this project.
D. The first passenger countdowns are within a few years.
Passage Two
For more than a decade, dieticians and nutritionists harangued us to lower the amount of fat in our diet. As it hap pens, their message was only partly correct. Although all fats are high in calories, certain fats, like the omega - 3 fatty **monly found in fish, are actually good for us, provided we consume them in moderation. Not only do omega -3s reduce the risk of clot formation in blood vessels, they also lower the amount of triglycerides, another fatty substance in the blood. The bottom line is that folks who eat 6 to 8 oz. of fatty fish a week experience significantly fewer heart attacks and strokes.
Still on the consume - sparing lists are saturated fats, commonly found in red meats and whole - milk dairy products. Recent studies also suggest that another group fats, called trans- fatty acids, found in abundance in crackers and cookies prepared with hydrogenated oils, may be an even more dangerous promoter of high cholesterol than saturated fats.
The most immediate benefit from adopting a healthy diet is that it can lower blood pressure. Even ff you don't have hypertension, decreasing your blood pressure makes your blood vessel springier and can help stabilize potentially dangerous plaques in the arteries. Two major studies have shown that DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stopping Hypertension) diet-- which emphasizes fruits and vegetables, promotes low - fat dairy and high - fiber grains, permits modest portions of lean meat and reduces sodium intake can lower blood pressure as effectively as taking a prescription anti - hypertension drug. Just as important, the foods are filling, taste good and aren't that different from what most Americans are used to eating.
62. The author states that trans- fatty acids ______.
A. are not on the consume - sparingly list B. are **monly in red meat
C. may promote high cholesterol
D. are not so dangerous as saturated fats
63. Which of the following about omega - 3 fatty acids is not true according to the passage?
A. They are not fats actually.
B. They are good to our health if taken properly. C. They can reduce clot format/on in blood vessels. D. They can lower the amount of triglycerides,
64. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. To Eat Right B. Go on Diet C. Get Fit D. Healthy Habits
65. The word \"harangue\" in the first sentence most probably means ______.
A. threaten B. ask C. order D. talk/persuade ...into
66. The \"DASH\" might include all of the following except ______.
A. emphasizing fruits and vegetables
B. promoting low -fat dairy and high -fiber grains C. reducing sodium intake
D. encouraging large portions of lean meats
Part Ⅴ Error Correction
Directions: This part ansists of a short passage. In this passage there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank, If you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash (—) in the blank.
As settlers moved to California in the midnineteenth
century, they became concerning about the 67. ______
lack of **munication with the eastern United
States. Because the many dangers and hardships of 68. ______
crossing the West, mails often did not arrive. The 69. ______ most important mail was therefore sent via Panama,
took a month or more. 70. ______ In 1860 a **pany decided to meet 71. ______ a problem by beginning the Pony Express. The
company hired the bravest riders bought the fastest horses 72. ______ to be used as relay teams between Missouri with California, 73. ______
and **pany promised that mail would be
delivering in ten days. **pany established two 74. ______
hundred stations along the route on which riders could 75. ______ rest and change horse. In fewer than two years, however, 76.
______
telegraph lines to San Francisco **pleted and the Pony Express was no longer needed. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76.
Part Ⅵ Translation
Directions: Complete the sentences on the Answer Sheet by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
77. It is believed that _________________(这是他的真正动机).
78. The quality of products _________________(必须保证).
79. _________________(任何说这个话的人) is ignoring the fact.
80. A difficulty of arranging their lips naturally and an inability to balance their heads showed that they were genuine country girls, _________________(不习惯被众人看).
81. _________________(要说的太多了) that she didn't know how to begin for the moment.
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